Observation and Measurement of the Environment

1. Observation and Measurement of the Environment http://www.fims.uwo.ca/

2. I.Observation- Interaction of our senses with our environment. A. The senses include • Sight • Hearing • Touch/Feel • Taste • Smell http://artfiles.art.com/images 1

3. B. Testing your powers of observation 1. Use only the sense of sight to make observations to determine A. Which, if any, of the three center circles is largest or smallest? Equal Largest 1

4. Testing your powers of observation • Use only the sense of sight to make observations to determine B. Which, if any, of the three blocks is the Tallest (front, middle, or back)? They are all the same height 1

5. Testing your powers of observation • Use only the sense of sight to make observations to determine C. Which, if any, of the labeled pairs of lines are parallel (ab or xy)? ab and xy are both parallel 1

6. Here are some other optical Illusions. The vertical lines are parallel http://www.moillusions.com 1

7. The red lines are straight. http://www.moillusions.com 1

8. It looks like the circles cross, but they don’t. http://www.moillusions.com 1

9. The red lines are parallel. http://www.moillusions.com 1

10. It looks like it spirals into the center, but it is smaller circles inside of larger ones. http://www.moillusions.com

11. The motion occurs due to a flip in color.White turns black then white again. http://www.moillusions.com 1

12. Stare at the image for 30 seconds then look at something white. http://www.moillusions.com 1

13. 2. How can we determine if our power of observation using only sight was accurate? Measure with a ruler C. Our powers of observation are limited by our senses D. Instruments can be used to improve or extend our powers of observation. These devices have been invented by people to extend the human senses beyond their normal limits, and thus enable us to make observations that would otherwise be impossible or highly inaccurate. 2

14. Wind Vane Microscope Graduated Cylinder Spring Scale Thermometer Telescope Triple Beam Balance Magnifying Glass Compass Ruler 2

15. F. Which instruments can be used to accurately measure each of these? Microscope • Graduated Cylinder Telescope 2. Thermometer 3. Triple Beam Balance 2

16. II. Inference – An interpretation of an observation based on one’s knowledge and/or experience • For example, if you observed the appearance of more and more clouds that were darker and darker in color, you might infer that B. List the observations and inferences that you can make based on this picture It will rain 3

17. 1. Observation: 2. Inference: 4 dogs, 1 large & 3 small Large dog is the mother, Puppies are hungry 3

18. C. Identify each statement as either an observation or an inference: This activity does not go with the picture in notes Example 1. (a.) The dog is growling (b.) The dog is angry Observation Inference 3

19. O I O 2. (a.) The pebble is smooth and rounded. (b.) The pebble was carried by the stream. (c.) The pebble is light brown in color. 3. (a.) By tomorrow, the stream will overflow its banks. (b.) The river is high, muddy and flowing swiftly. (c.) The rainfall has been continuous and very heavy. 4. (a.) The tire has a leak. (b.) The tire is flat. I O O I O 3

20. I O 4. (a.) The tire has a leak. (b.) The tire is flat. 5. (a.) There is a track on this trail. (b.) The track was made by a large deer. 6. (a.) The leaves on the trees are moving. (b.) The leaves on the trees are moving, so the wind must be blowing. O I O I 3

21. III. Classification A. A classification system is based on properties or characteristics of an object. B. A classification system enables an investigator to C. Classify the following animals using the classification system on the next page. Place the name of the animals in the diagram organize data/objects in a meaningful way. 4

22. 4-5

23. Birds Mammals Sea Horse Lizard Killer Whale Eagle Crocodile Shark Mammoth Turtle Piranha Penguin Cobra Gorilla Bat Ostrich 4-5

24. IV. Measurement A. A measurement is a way of expressing an observation with greater precision. It provides a numerical value for some property of the object or event being observed. • All measurements consist of: (a.) numerical value (b.) Label 2. Properties that can be measured include, length, area, volume, mass, weight, temp, density, time, etc. 6

25. Ruler B. Linear Measurement(or “one dimensional measurement”) Distance between two points 1. Instrument- 2. Unit – meter (a.) centi – 1/100 meter cm = 1 m (b.) milli – 1/1000 meter mm = 1 m (c.) kilo – 1000 meters km = 1000 m 3. Using the model below, give the value of each dot to the nearest tenth of a centimeter, and then convert to millimeters. 100 1000 1 6

26. (a.) A centimeters, or millimeters (b.) B centimeters, or millimeters (c.) C centimeters, or millimeters (d.) D centimeters, or millimeters (e.) E centimeters, or millimeters (f.) F centimeters, or millimeters (g.) G centimeters, or millimeters 2.5 25 .3 3 4.0 40 1.1 11 1.6 16 3.4 34 2.0 20 6

27. 4. What is the length indicated by the arrow in each of the following pictures? .9 cm 5.6 cm 7.0 cm 3.3 cm 6

28. 5. Measure each line segment to the nearest tenth of a centimeter, and then convert to Millimeters. a. cm, or mm b. cm, or mm c. cm, or mm d. cm, or mm e. cm, or mm 4.0-4.2 40-42 5.5-5.7 55-57 3.8-4.0 38-40 6.3-6.5 63-65 .9-1.1 9-11 7

29. C. Area (or “two dimensional measurement”) Amount of surface space Ruler • Instrument – • Formula: • Units – “square” units a. sq. cm or b. sq. m or c. sq. km or Determine the area of each figure below. (They have been drawn to scale.) A = length x width cm² m² km² 7

30. 4 cm 2 cm 8 cm ² 2 cm 4 cm 4 cm 28 cm ² 8 cm ² 7 cm 20 cm ² A = length x width 2 cm x 4 cm = 8 cm ² 4 cm x 7 cm = 28 cm ² 2 cm x 4 cm = 8 cm ² 28 cm ² - 8 cm ² =20 cm² 7

31. D. Volume (or “three dimensional measurement” sometimes referred to as “size” of an object. Amount of space an object occupies. • Volume of liquids a. Instrument – b. Units – c. d. What is the liquid in the graduated cylinders illustrated below? Graduated cylinder Milliliters 57 ml 37 22 8.6 8

32. 2. Volume of a rectangular solids Ruler Volume = length x width x height a. Instrument: b. Formula: c. Units – “cubic” units 1. cu. cm or or 2. cu. m or d.cubic centimeter =milliliter e. determine the volume of the objects in each illustration cc cm³ m³ 1 1 27 cm³ 144 m³ 160 cm³ 8

33. Volume Displacement Archimedes was a Greek mathematician, inventor and physicist who lived from 287 - 212 B.C. A king once gave him a difficult task. The king had a crown. He had paid for pure gold. He was afraid that the crown-maker had mixed silver with the gold. He wanted Archimedes to figure out whether or not the crown was pure gold or mixed with silver. Now, you know that all he had to do was to figure out the density of the metal. Silver's specific gravity is 10.5 and the specific gravity of gold is 19.3. It should be easy to detect the difference. The problem was to determine the volume of the crown. The king did not want Archimedes to harm the crown in any way. How do you calculate the volume of a crown? 9b

34. Archimedes went home to think about the problem. He stepped into his bath, and watched the water rise and overflow when he sat. Suddenly, his problem was solved! The story tells that he ran out into the street, naked and dripping, shouting "Eureka!", which means "I have found it!" 9b

35. What did he find? When an object is submerged in water, the level of the water rises. This is because the object has moved some of the water out of the way, to make room for itself. When Archimedes sat down in his bathtub, his body took up so much room that the water overflowed onto the floor. He realized that the water that he pushed out of the tub was the same volume as his body. 9b

36. If he submerged the crown in water, he could measure the volume of the crown. It was easy to measure the mass of the crown. He could compare the volume of the crown to the volume of an equal mass of pure gold. If the volume of the crown was greater than the volume of the pure gold, then the crown was a fake. 9b

37. Volume Displacement 50 ml 55 ml 5 ml 9

38. E. Mass – The amount of matter an object possesses 1. Instrument– Triple Beam Balance 2. Units: a. grams b. kilograms 10

39. We will use electronic scales. http://www.herbach.com/Merchant2/merchant 10

40. 3. Determine the mass by reading the scales of the beams in the illustrations below 499.O g 578.6 g 389.3 g 10

41. F. Weight – Theamount of gravity acting on an object. • Instruments – 2. Units: English– spring scale ounces and pounds 11

42. mass Factors that cause weight or effect weight: a. The amount of the object possesses. Factors that cause weight or effect weight: b. The amount of acting on the object. gravity 11

43. G. Density – Concentration of matter in an object; ratio of mass per unit volume. Increasing density ÷ Cover D = M / V x M D V 12

44. We can make three formulas D = M ÷ V V = M ÷ D M = D x V M D V 12

45. graduated cylinder + balance Ruler + balance 2. Instruments: a. Density of a liquid b. Density of a solid 3. Units:a. b. 4. Solve the density problems below: a. g/ml g/cm³ M = 150 g V = 10 cm³ 15 g/cm³ D = M ÷ V so D = 150 g ÷ 10 cm³ = 15 g/cm³ 12

46. 3.2 g/ml M = 80 g V = 65 ml - 40 ml V = 25 ml 65 ml 40 ml D = M ÷ V so D = 80 g ÷ 25 ml = 3.2 g/ml 13

47. M D V V = M ÷ D D = 5.5 g/cm³ 44g M = 44 g 8cm³ V = M ÷ D so V = 5.5 g/cm³ ÷ 44g = 8cm³ 13

48. 3. Since object Y is a perfect cube, determine the length of each side of the cube. 2 cm Remember it’s volume is 8cm³ Volume = length x width x height Volume = 2 cm x 2cm x 2cm = 8cm³ 13

49. H. Density Relationships = 1 gram particles 6 g 24 g 1 cm³ 4cm³ 6 g/cm³ 6 g/cm³ The size of an object does not determine/ effect it’s density. b. Relationship: c. Size Density Density Size 14

50. 2. Density in Relation to Temperature Increases (expands) Remains the same Decreases b. Relationship: c. As temperature increases, density decreases. Density Temperature 14