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10.1 Students relate the moral and ethical principles in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, in Judaism, and in Christianity to the development of Western political thought.
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10.1 Students relate the moral and ethical principles in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, in Judaism, and in Christianity to the development of Western political thought. 1. Analyze the similarities and differences in Judeo-Christian and Greco-Roman views of law, reason and faith, and duties of the individual.
TEST Question!!!!!!!!!! • What are the similarities and differences in Judeo-Christian and Greco-Roman views of law, reason and faith, and duties of the individual?
Greek View of Law Early Laws • About 1200-900 BC, the Ancient Greeks had no official laws or punishments. Murders were settled by members of the victim's family, who would then go and kill the murderer. This often began endless blood feuds.
Greek View of Law • C. 650 BC, Greeks first began to establish official laws. Around 620 BC Draco, the lawgiver, set down the first known written law of Ancient Greece. His laws were so harsh that his name in English: "Draconian" is an unreasonable or harsh law.
Greek View of Law • Solon, an Athenian statesman and lawmaker, refined Draco's laws by "democratizing" justice and making the courts more accessible to citizens. Solon created many new laws that fit into the four basic categories of Ancient Greek law.
Greek View of Law • Tort Laws - Family Laws • Public Laws - Procedural Laws • Tort is when someone does harm to you or to your property. e.g. Murder. Under Draco, murder equaled exile. Solon's reforms, however, eased penalties. Rape was only a 100 drachma fine.
Greek View of Law Family Laws • Solon created family laws: laws that regulated the behavior of men and women. He wrote laws concerning marriage, adoption, inheritances, and supporting roles of parents. Penalties were not set, but were enforced by the head of the family.
Greek View of Law Public Laws • Dictated how public services were to be provided and public functions should be conducted. e.g.living far from public wells meant digging your own, can’t export agricultural goods, land ownership amount restricted, and prohibited dealing in perfume.
Greek View of Law Procedural Laws • Procedural laws were guidelines that told judges how to use laws, and gave step-by-step details how laws should be enforced. Even small details like how many witnesses must be called forward for someone to be found guilty of homicide.
Greek View of Law Law Givers • Law givers were not rulers or kings, but appointed officials whose only job was to write laws. Most of the lawgivers were middle class members of the aristocracy.
Greek View of Law Lawgivers continued • To make sure that law givers would not take sides or be a part of just one group, thus making laws unfair, law givers were not a part of normal government, and they were considered political outsiders.
Greek View of Law Courts and the Judicial System • Ancient Greeks used a court system to "try," "convict," and "sentence" accused persons. Court officials were paid little, if anything, and most trials were completed in the same day.
Greek View of Law • No "professional" court officials, lawyers, and official judges. Two "litigants," one who argued a crime was committed, and one for the defense. The audience/jurors, would vote and the result was either guilty or not, then they voted the punishment.
Greek Views of Reason and Faith Citizenship • Before people were considered subjects • With rights & responsibilities they become citizens • The Greeks believed in the worth & dignity of the Individual & Political freedom
Greek Views of Reason and Faith Role of Reason • The Greeks had tremendous respect for human intelligence & the power of reason • Reason: the ability to think, problem solve, and discover nature or Natural Law.
Greek Views of Reason and Faith They believed in Natural Law • Philosophers stated that nature was not controlled by arbitrary & willful gods, and that the Rules of nature can be discovered through careful observation & reasoned inquiry
Greek Views:Duties of the Individual • Greeks: average citizen capable of participating in government • All adult male citizens were members of the Assembly • Greek citizens believed in: reason, individualism, equality, importance of participatory government, political freedom, national security, and justice
Greek Views:Duties of the Individual Athenian Ephebic Oath • “I will not disgrace my sacred arms Nor desert my comrade, wherever I am stationed. I will fight for things sacred And things profane. And both alone and with all to help me. I will transmit my fatherland not diminished But greater and better than before.
Greek Views:Duties of the Individual Athenian Ephebic Oath cont. • I will obey the ruling magistrates Who rule reasonably And I will observe the established laws And whatever laws in the future May be reasonably established. If any person seek to overturn the laws, Both alone and with all to help me, I will oppose him.
Greek Views:Duties of the Individual Athenian Ephebic Oath cont. • I will honor the religion of my fathers. I call to witness the gods …The borders of my fatherland, The wheat, the barley, the vines, And the trees of the olive and the fig.”
Greek Views:Duties of the Individual • The oath was adopted as the oath to be taken by ephebi, young men of eighteen to twenty years, enrolled in the Ephebic College established in 335–334 B.C. to implement a state-supported system of military training….
Greek Views:Duties of the Individual • Every legitimate son of pure Athenian parentage who had reached the age of eighteen must, in order to be admitted to citizenship, be enrolled therein and undergo its two-year course of rigorous training in military and civic duties and activities.
Greek Views:Duties of the Individual • At the end of the first year each ephebus was given a spear and a shield; after receiving these arms, the ephebi took their oath.
To the Greek, the two most important things were Reason and Natural Law. Given this fact, it is reasonable to state that Greeks derive their worth and dignity from their ability to reason, being able to use that reason to understand the universe, and thus develop the idea of Natural Law.
Greek Views:Duties of the Individual • Since Greeks understood Natural Law through Reason, they were elevated above the animals, and sometimes even the gods.
