Care of Farm Animals: Routine Farm Operations

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Care of farm animal

1- routine farm operations -An animal far is full of life and activity with a multitude of animals being moved around , now being fed , now being milked -It is for the farm manager to see these operations which are carried out by by his personal perfectly and at proper time

shearing nddagging (crutching) Woolly sheep naturally lose their coats in the warmer monthe so before this happens we shear the sheep in order to the wool for avariety of uses If the wool becomes dirty w dung and wet it attracts flies which lay egg in the wool The egg develop into magggots which feed on the fles of the sheep learning objects 1- why we shear sheep 2-what is dagging (crutching) 3-what happens if we do not dag or shear animal

Why do we shear sheep ? Wooly sheep must be sheared at certain times of the year If we do not shear them the wool or hair will be lost in patches and a valuable material will be lost

Dagging (crutching) Definition - Is cutting away the wet and dirty wool attracts flies especially the blow flies (bright green or blue in color ) - The flies lay their eggs on the wool and in one or two days maggots hatch from them - The maggots burrow in the skin and feed on the flesh of the sheep - The animal will be smelly and nervous , stamping its feet and wriggling its tail Magggots -Must be removed from the infected sheep Part of the wool and look for small holes where the maggots have entered the skin -Press all around the hole with your fingersand the maggots will come out -Many maggots of different sizes will emerge Clean the wool with tincture of iodine and gentian violet

Shearing -Shearing is the complete removal of the wool and is carried out by using machine or hand shears -The valuable wool is can be used for clothing , carpets -Make sure that the wool is kept clean by do not use too much marker paints and if it is your custome to wash your animal before shearing After shearing keep the sacks of wool in adry place on plastic sheets to stop them getting damp -If the animals is cut during shearing treat all wounds immediately with tincture of iodine or gentian violet -If you have the means to dip your sheep do it immediately after shearing

Methods of shearing in sheep • 1- along method • -first open the fleece by sitting the sheep upon its buttocks & starting at the throat • -the wool then clipped in parallel from the head to hind quarter until reach back • -One side is done then lying sheep on opposite side • -The skin must be tense at clipping to avoid shear –cut • 2- Around method • -First open the fleece by the same way • -The wool is removed by going round the sheep • -First around the neck then around the shoulder back and so on

Horse care Grooming (brushing )of the horse -animals must be groomed dialy -asrtong , hand held brush is used to remove dirts from the coat -it is important to remove mud and dirt from the leg and feet or mud fever will develop -the hooves should be examined dialy and cleaned out with ahoof pick -animals should be lightly groomed before being fitted with harness or saddley to avoid dirt being trapped underneath and causing skin problems Adialy attention to the horse feet and coat

Grooming objectives 1- it promote health by promoting the cutaneous and lymph circulation to the horse skin 2- it improve the horse appearance 3- it remove the skin waste product (sweat , sebaceous secretions ) 4-it prevent skin infestations (lice , tick , mite) 5-it help prevent disease by ensuring through dialy inspection of the horse whole body 6-it is astrong contact part of the horse / human relationship 7- it allow the handler to become familiar with the hose

The grooming kit -The grooming kit consists of several items each of which have a specific use -Dandy brush , body brush , hoof picker -the grooming kit must be kept clean and if it being used on several horses it should be weekly cleaned with warm water and soap -They should be thoroughly rinsed and left to dry before being returned to the grooming box

1-dandy brush -has coarse , stiff bristles , used to remove mud and dried sweat from the body and limbs -not used on head or tail with discretion on the body of a thin skinned horse or clipped horse -useful for the grass-kept horses and is the brush used for the first stage of grooming The tail shoud not be brushed with dandy brush or the the tail will become thin - 2- body brush -shorter and softer than the dandy brush , it used to remove grease and dirt from the coat -used for horse head -the brush used in left hand when grooming the near side AND VISE VERSAL -IT USED IN CIRCULAR ACTION to get deep into the coat loosen the grease , followed by along stroke to remove the dirt

3-curry comb • -is used with body brush • -held in the other hand and used to clean the body brush, the body brush is swept over the curry comb every four or five strokes • -The accumulated dirts is tapped out the curry comb at regular intervals • -Metal curry comb used only to clean body brush not used on animal body and if used it caused considerable discomfort • -However the plastic or rubber curry comb can be very useful for removing dirt and hair when the horse is shedding its coat • 4-water brush • -has fairly long and soft bristles and is used to dampen or lay the main and tail before plaiting • -to encourage the mane to lie flat or before applying tail bandage • - It can also be used to scrub the legs or feet clean

5- sponges -several sponges will be used for –eyes -nose -lips -dock -perpetual sheath -these shoud be marked so that they are not mixed up -large sponge fpr washing the horse down or removing stable stains -these sponges shoud be kept for use on the horse and not find their way into the tack cleaning kit 6- wisp -stuffed leather pad or traditional wisp made from length of twisted hay or straw -wisping stimulates the blood flow to the musle and thus increase the muscle tone by gently banging the musle of the neck , sholders and quarters -it is similar to patting the horse but a steady rhythm is established using more weight behind the bang and as the horse anticipates the next blow he tense its muscle , if the horse is not accustomed to the process it should be introduced gently

7-mane comb -a metal or plastic comb is used to comb out the mane Used for pulling the mane and tail and for preparing the for plaiting 8- stable rubber -linen cloth -It is used slightly damp to wipe over the horse at the end of grooming to remove any dust -Used instead of the wisp as folded pad 9-hoof picker -the most important item of the grooming kit and one more likely to disappear -it used for removing mud and stones from the foot and may have a brush on the other end to thoroughly clean the underside of the hoof It should be used from heel to toe , following the contours of the frog

Caring for wet horse -when horse returned to stable soaked with sweat or rain or snow it must be dried immediately or it will become sick Procedure 1- the water must be removed from the coat using ametal scraper 2- or be twisting a handful of straw or hay in a curved shape and using this in dawnward strokes over the body 3- cloths or old blanket then used to dry the animal by rubbing the body Cleaning the sheath ( preputeal sheath wash ) -Greasy dirt naturally accumulate inside the sheath and some geldings need this area washed regularly to prevent a build up whish result in strong smell and possible risk of infection The sheath can be washed with warm water and soap with the hands protected with gloves -An assistant used to restrain horse -Another used for picking up the front leg as the horse may kick out

Improving the appearance of the hose 1-pulling the mane 2-plaiting the mane 3- pulling the tail 4- plaiting the tail Harness for working animals 1- to use the animal for draught work (pulling ) it must wear harness -mules , donkeys and horses need to wear collars to pull agricultural tools or carts 2- horse can pull loads wearing a breast girth Mules and donkeys can carry loads up to 100 k.g and pull carts 300 k.g 3- horse collars , girths and the bridle (head harness) should be Correctly fitted and not allowed to rub the animal

Rugs 1- rugs are worn in winter to keep the horse worm and dry and in summer to protect him from flies and to keep him clean and improve the appearance of the coat 2-rugs are fastened at the front then secured by a roller or surcingle round the horse girth There is a leg straps to secure rug effectively Types of rug or horse clothing 1-night or stable rug 2-day rug 3-sweat rug or cooler 4- summer sheet 5-exercise or quarter sheet 6- hood

1- night rug or stable rug • -Is a heavy duty rug for use on cool summer nights and all day and night in winter • They made of jute w blanket and fastened with roller • Number of blankets can be worn under the rug to suit the weather condition • 2- day rug • -the day rug is woolen with a contrasting binding and most stables only use them for special occasions • They are fastened at the front and may have a matching surcingle • 3- sweat rug or cooler • -used for cool off and dry horses after exercise • 4- summer sheet • -light weight rug designed to protect the horse from flies and to keep the dust off the coat in summer • -In hot weather it can be used to travelling horses and over the top of a sweat rug

5- exercise or quarter sheet • -used under the saddle on cold days or on horses before riding as in race horse • -it kept in place by a matching surcingle on unsaddled horse • 6-Hood • Used in stable or during exercise to keep the horse warm and thus to prevent the coat on the head and neck growing too rapidly • Stretch or waterproof hoods can be used in new zealand rug to keep the horse clean and dry in the field • Keeping rugs in place by • 1-roller • 2-breast girth • 3-surcingle • 4-belly straps • 5-leg straps • Storing rugs • -clothing can be stored on shelves in dry room protected by moth balls • They should regularly checked for mice which may nest in the rugs or chew them

Bandages -Are placed around the horse lower leg to give protection , warmth and support during exercise , travelling or after injury They must be properly applied as they can cause serious damage in corectlyput on Putting bandage on by Rules which make putting bandage easier 1-the bandage must have been correctly and firmly rolled up 2- the bandage must not be too tight there should be roon to insert a finger in the top and the bottom in support or exercise bandage The tension throughout the bandage should be even with no wrinkelsand the tape tied no tighter than the bandage it self 3- the bandage is applied from front to back to avoid pulling too much on the tendon at the back of the leg 4-the padding underneath the the bandage must always run in the same direction as the bandage and the edge of the padding must not lie on the tendon or this will cause a pressure point and possible damage -5-the tapes must tied on the out side of the leg 6- the tapes should tied in a knot and secured by sewing ---taking bandage off -untie the tapes and unwind the bandage , moving quickly passing pandage from hand tohand then check the leg carfully to check all it well The bandage then shake and brush and wash the reroll the bandage and store them

Padding under bandage -Nearly bandages are padded underneath -The exeption are sandown and some thermal bandage Gamgee -is cotton wool in gauze cover Fresh from the packet is clean and give good protection , especially wrapped around twice It is soiled and expensive Is very popular to use over the top wounds which require bandaging and important item of first aid kit Fibagee Is covered foam It easy to wash and durable Popular for use under exercise and travelling bandage Leg wraps they are thick padded squares which are durable and give good protection but not suitable for use under exercise bandage

Fastening of bandage • -by tapes sewn to the bandage , tapes shoud be wide and flat • -The more modern alterenative is velcro but must keep clean and long enough • Types of bandage • 1- stable bandage wool • -if used to keep politice use elastic bandage • Protect during travelling gamgee extend over knee and coronet • For support use stretch bandage • 2-exercise bandage • Protect leg & support bak tendon & prevent tendon strains • -made of elastic , crepe or self adhesive material • -gamgee padding • -applied more firmly • -sewed tape in competition • -not left for long period • -overlap 2 third • 3-tail bandage • Stretch or plastic • -narrower and shorter than exercise bandage

Boots • -are used to protect the horse lower limb from injury • -usually the injury is self inflicted • -this may be due to the horse conformation ,action of shoeing , fatige weakness , immaturity , stumbling landing after fence • 1-brushing boots • Designed to protect the inside of leg under knee and hock • Primary the fetlock region which may hit by other foot • 2- speedicutboot • -against high brushing wounds • -in galloping or being driven s • 3-over-reach boot • Low over reach • Avoided by using low over reach boots or synthetic boots to protect heel and coronet • -high over reach • Protect against injury of back tendons caused during travelling and hunting • 4-yorkshire boots • Hind fetlock protect from low brushing wounds • 5-rubber ring • Above or below fetlock joint • Above pastern it prevent brushing wounds • Under pastern protect coronet

6-sausage boot • Large cover padded ring • Protect and stop horse bruising • Prevent capping his elbow while lying down with his feet • 7- tendon boot • Protect tendons as brushing • boot • Have added padding dawn the back of the leg to protect tendons from injury • Used for fast work horse and jumping horse • 8- jacuzziboots • It has water circulates inside boot to cool the horse lower leg

Clipping of horse • 1- horse grows anew coat twice a year: • a- spring • b- autumn • 2- importance of coat: • Protect horse from • changeable Weather • (heat & cold). • 3- when to clip horse • -first clip after horse winter coat have establish in early october • After this horse need reclipping every three weeks until christmas • -not clipped at end of januaryas summer coat star to grow and this spoil summet coat

Objective of clipping • Cleanliness • Good appearance • Prevent skin disease • Preparing a site for surgical operations • Before show in clubs • Before sale in markets

1- clipping out:full clip • Clipping allover +legs atriangle left at the top of the tail to avoid clipping the tail hair • In light harness and hunters and jumbers and for horse grow thick coat • 2- hunter clip • Clipping all over except legs (at level of elbow &stifle joint ) and saddle patch • Over leg to protect from thorns , mud fever , • Over saddle to avoid saddle pressure • Used in hunters

3- blanket clip • Hair removed from neck and belly leaving back and quarters • Use horses that feel cold or riding horse • 4- trace clip • Hair removed from bottom of the neck , top of the leg and the belly • 5- clipping fetlock • 6- hogging • -clipping the mane • 7-banged tail • -clip tail untill level of the hock • 8- pulling • Trimming the tail and mane

7- fan tail clip: • Docked tail • Hairs cut of 2-3 inch below the stump • 8- rat tail clip: • Un docked tail • Lower half------------ hairs cut of close to skin • Upper half---------- left long • For show • 11-signing • Trimming the long hair of fetlock and around the jaw

Destroying animals and euthanasia Definition Easy, painless death .inregard to animals , euthanasia is the act of killing an animal in humane manner Biting dog -Not every dogs which bites has rabies -shooting human killer is currently not accepted by human rights committees in some countries -if the dog belong to somebody ask the owner about its normal behavior -if the dog is showing signs of rabies you must inform your veterinary officer immediately -if dog has rabies must be shot , if it has bitten anybody , they must be taken to a hospital Control of rabies 1- dogs in your community can be vaccinated against rabies 2- if there is an outbreak of rabies ,the livestock in your community can be vaccinated too

Euthanasia Defination Humane ways of animal killing Objectives 1-releiving pain and suffering of the animal to be euthanized 2-minimizing the pain , anxiety , distress ,and fear the animal experiences before consciousness is lost 3- inducing a painless and distress-free death ***animals to be euthanized ; experiencing pain and fear behaviors , including ; 1-distress vocalization 2-struggling,escape attempts , agitation , freezing , aggression 3-fearful posture or facial expressions , trembling 4-salivating and sweating 5-urnating , defecation 6-pupillary dilation , panting , tachycardia

Successful euthanasia lead to loss of physiologic function in the following order to help prevent fear and distress; 1-rapid loss of consciousness 2-loss of motor function 3-arrest of respiratory and cardiac function and finally 4-permanent loss of brain function N.B In some species , particulary rabbits and chickens , tonic immobility may be induced by fear , and care must be taken to not confuse this behavioral response with loss of consciousness

Methods of destroying cattle and horse • The aim should be directed toward the medulla oblongata where the presence of higher center , respiratory , circulatory and cardiovascular center • 1- shooting with human killer ; into the intersection of 2 lines drawn from the base of the horn (or ears ) to the middle of the eye • 2- cutting the spinal cord between the first and second cervical vertebrae (pithing) • 3-severing the abdominal aorta by concealed bistoury per rectum • Method of euthanasia • 1- inhalant agents ; inhalentanethetics are useful for small animals <7 in which injectons are difficult • Inhalent anesthetics for euthanasia is halothane , ether • 2- injectable agents • Are the most rapid and reliable and are preferred when venipuncture can be accomplished without causing fear to the animal or unnecessary risk to the operator • All barbituric acid derivatives are acceptable IV euthanasia agents

3- physical method of euthanasia Can be humane method of euthanasia when used by skilled operators with well-maintained equipement and when other means are unavailable These include A- stunning by axe B-shooting with human killer , gun , or revolver C-pithing (serving the spinal cord ) , cervical dislocation D- microwavve irradiation in special chambers E-thoracic compression N.B ; STUning , pithing , cervical dislocation , should not be used as sole method of destroying animals combined with other method such as anathesia

Care of Farm Animals: Routine Farm Operations