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Parenting Styles

Parenting Styles. Self-Concept. Developed by age 12 Assessment of who they are Infants recognize self in mirror Adoptees do not have lower self-esteem Views of self affect actions. Baumrind’s 4 Aspects of Parental Behavior. 1) strictness

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Parenting Styles

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  1. Parenting Styles

  2. Self-Concept • Developed by age 12 • Assessment of who they are • Infants recognize self in mirror • Adoptees do not have lower self-esteem • Views of self affect actions

  3. Baumrind’s 4 Aspects of Parental Behavior 1) strictness 2) demands for child to achieve intellectual, emotional, and social maturity 3) communication ability 4) warmth and involvement

  4. Authoritative • Strict (restrictive) & have expectations/demands but express love & respect for children • Willingness to reason with and understand their children • Explain reasons behind rules and expectations • Show warmth, are involved

  5. Authoritarian • Strict demands, no warmth • Rely on force & communicate poorly with children • “Because I say so!”

  6. Permissive • Easygoing, no rules or expectations • Children do whatever they wish • Warm and supportive, but very poor at communicating

  7. How do parenting styles affect children? • Authoritative Parenting - socially competent - emotionally well-adjusted - higher self-esteem & achievement motivation - greater self-reliance

  8. Authoritarian Parenting • Withdrawn • Aggressive • Moderate achievement • Higher rates of depression

  9. Permissive Parenting • Least mature • More impulsive & moody • Aggressive • Higher rates of delinquency • Poor academics • High self-esteem • Lower rates of depression

  10. Culture & Child-rearing • Practices reflect cultural values • Western cultures – parents prefer independent children • Asians & African cultures value emotional closeness • “family self” (what brings honor or shame to family) • No one way is right

  11. How much do parents matter? • Parental influence is more clear at its extremes • Parents influence children’s political attitudes, religious beliefs, personal manners • Environmental influences account for less than 10% of children’s personality differences • Personality is more likely genetic/biological • Parental & peer influences are complementary • Peers more important for cooperation, interaction

  12. Parents & Peers • Genes dictate brain architecture, but experience fills in details • Rosenzweig experiment – rats in enriched environment had thicker cortexes • “Use it or lose it” with neural pathways = PRUNING

  13. Gender Development • Genders similar in genetic makeup and intelligence, vocabulary, happiness • Genders differ in body fat, muscle, height, life expectancy • Women more vulnerable to depression, anxiety, eating disorders • Men more susceptible to suicide and alcohol dependence, color-blindness, ADHD, autism, anti-social personality disorder

  14. Gender Development • Gender & aggression • Men show more aggression (physical) • Gender & social power • Men perceived as more dominant, forceful, independent • Women viewed more nurturing • Gender & social connectedness • Women more interdependent, seek out social connections – “tend and befriend” • Male answer syndrome

  15. Nature of Gender • X, Y chromosomes (23rd chromosome) • Testosterone

  16. Nurture of Gender • Gender roles = expectations about way men and women should behave • Gender identity = sense of being male/female • Gender typing = learning of traditional male/female roles • Social learning theory = children learn gender-linked behaviors by observing & imitating

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