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Transposable elements

Transposable elements. Paul Kalitsis. History. Barbara McClintock 1940s. History. Genetic loci could change position Theory of mobile or controlling elements Challenged the concept of a static genome Stopped publishing from 1953 Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1983. History cont’.

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Transposable elements

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  1. Transposable elements Paul Kalitsis

  2. History • Barbara McClintock 1940s

  3. History • Genetic loci could change position • Theory of mobile or controlling elements • Challenged the concept of a static genome • Stopped publishing from 1953 • Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1983

  4. History cont’ • Identified in bacteria and yeast in the late 60s and early 70s

  5. Junk or Selfish DNA • No obvious role apart from self propagation • Variations in genome size

  6. Genome size • C-value paradox • Maize 2,500 Mb • Arabidopsis 150 Mb • Lilium 35,000 Mb

  7. Types of TEs • DNA transposons • Retrotransposons • Endogenous retroviruses

  8. Biemont & Vieira 2006 Nature

  9. Lander 2001 Nature

  10. genome.ucsc.edu

  11. Function • Development • Imprinting • Tissue differentiation • Evolution

  12. David Smyth School of Biological Sciences Monash University Lilium henryi

  13. Dispersed repeat in L. henryi • 3.5 x 1010 bp • Distributed throughout the genome • Retrotransposon 9.35 kb

  14. gag RT RH INT

  15. Selfish DNA • Doolittle & Sapienza • Orgel & Crick (1980 Nature)

  16. Genome defense • Recombination and deletion • RNAi pathway

  17. Epigenetic control • Changes in DNA and/or protein • Gene expression • X-inactivation

  18. Environment • Stress • Nutrition • Chemicals

  19. Avy Avy Me Me IAP IAP Morgan et. al. 1999 Waterland and Jirtle 2003

  20. Biemont & Vieira 2006 Nature

  21. Human disease • 0.5 – 1% • Cancer • Haemophilia • Muscular dystrophy

  22. Applications • Mutagenesis • Gene delivery and therapy

  23. Co-option • Immune system • Placental development • Telomere maintenance • Centromere • Epilepsy • Early development

  24. Acknowledgments • Chromosome and Chromatin Group • Australian Research Council

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