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Conflict Between The Sexes. Chap 11. What does this mean to you?. http://youtube.com/watch?v=dWk0YaTLhek. Battle of the Sexes. What does this mean to you?. Battle of the Sexes.
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Conflict Between The Sexes Chap 11
What does this mean to you? • http://youtube.com/watch?v=dWk0YaTLhek
Battle of the Sexes • “This implies that men as a group are united in their interests and women are likewise united in their interests and that the two groups are somehow at war with each other” (p. 313, Buss) • Not true, society would not work
Strategic Interference Theory • Defined as, “Occurring when a person employs a particular strategy to achieve a goal and another person blocks or prevents the successful enactment of that strategy of fulfillment of the desire” (p. 312, Buss) • Timing of sex, fights during a marriage, • Two main postulates • Strategic interference occurs whenever one member of one sex violates the desires of the opposite sex. Evolutionary speaking this would have interfered with the preferred sexual strategy. • Negative emotions (anger, rage) seem to serve as solutions to the problem of strategic interference. Alerting people to the problem and allowing them to create solutions.
Strategic Interference Theory • Two Important Qualifiers • Conflict per se serves no adaptive purpose • Metaphor of “Battle Between the Sexes” is misleading. • “The Breakup” • Last weeks assignment
Conflict about the Occurrence and Timing of Sex • Study by Byers & Lewis, 1998. 47% reported on or more disagreements about their desired level of sexual intimacy. • Australian magpie-larks duet. • Women • Men
Sexual Withholding • Leading a man on • Serves a purpose for women • Helps choose higher quality mate • Allows woman to be selective • Increases the value of sex • Increases value of woman as prospective mate • Encourages man to think of her as a long-term prospective • What are the implications of this? • Does our current language for those who do not sexually withhold have any possible relationship to our evolutionary predispositions?
Inferences about Sexual Intent • Men are more likely to make sexual inferences from interaction than women • “She wants me…” • Study by Abbey 1982; Saal, Johnson, & Weber, 1989 • Showed both male and female same situation and had them interpret the interaction and found different interpretations.
Deception about Commitment • I love you……? • Men use this as a tool to fool women into thinking that they are more emotionally committed than they really are. • Do you think women use this strategy?
Deception about Commitment • Women are more burdened by this trick than men. • What are potential problems that women face from this tactic? • Teen pregnancy • Culturally bound • What can women do to avoid this potentially life changing problem?
Deception about CommitmentPossible Evolved Strategies • Courtship • Extended emotional/friend relationship, before involving any physical relationship • Longer she waits, the more knowledge she will gain about her potential mate • Discuss with friends
Cognitive Biases in Sexual Mind Reading • A. Error Management Theory • B. Cognitive Biases • Sexual over perception bias • Commitment skepticism
“Sexual jealousy is one psychological mechanism that has evolved in men to combat the manifold potential costs of being cuckolded” (p. 325, Buss) How is this useful? http://discoveryhealth.queendom.com/questions/jealousy_men_abridged_1.html Jealous Conflict
Sex Differences In Jealousy • Men are more bothered by possibility of physical infidelity, whereas women are more bothered by both physical and emotional.
Sex Differences in the Use of Mate-Retention Tactics • Men • Violence, resource display • Moulin Rouge • Women • Enhance appearance, flirting • Emotional involvement plays a key role • Flavor of Love http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/flavor_of_love_2/series.jhtml
Man Protecting His Mate • http://youtube.com/watch?v=NXeuDK47Hng
Perceived likelihood of infidelity Reproductive vale of the wife: effects of Age and Physical Attraction Income and Status Striving of the Husband Flavor of Love http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/flavor_of_love_2/series_videos.jhtml Contexts Influencing the Intensity of Mate-Retention Tactics
Violence toward Partners • Men use violence to keep partner. • Women lacking resources are more likely to be abused • Wives that leave husbands are more likely to be killed • Women are safer when family is closer and if she chooses a mate who is more likely to have reliable resources
Domestic Violence • Domestic Violence is $67.5 billion dollars or 15% of the crime cost • In Douglas County • 911: Averages 1,000 DV Calls A Month • 47 DV Homicides in Omaha since 1997 • 6 of those were children
Domestic Violence • More than just physical. There is also emotional and psychological. • What is the evolutionary advantage? • Do you think this is truly a good means to keep a partner?
Domestic Violence • Hi-tech helps fight domestic violence • Two domestic violence incidents each week prove fatal Police forces around Britain could soon be issued with a gadget that helps them tackle cases of domestic violence. • The Domestic Violence Positive Action Kit includes a small plinth-based unit similar to an answering machine and a radio trigger that can worn by victims of abuse. • Victims can discreetly trigger an alert to police and emergency services if they are attacked. • Domestic violence is a growing problem in the UK with 830 incidents reported every day. Two attacks every week prove fatal. • The DVPAK has a range of sensors including a fall detector, movement detector and even a button that can be used if a bogus caller comes to the door. • http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/39172000/jpg/_39172642_domesticviolence203_body.jpg&imgrefurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/2997428.stm&h=152&w=203&sz=13&hl=en&start=11&tbnid=egi6Y2KS6_lKAM:&tbnh=79&tbnw=105&prev=/images%3Fq%3DFight%2BMan%2Band%2BWoman%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D
Conflict over Access to Resources • Men control resources that allow them to control women? • Do men only control resources?
Individual Differences in Sexual Aggression: The Mate Deprivation Hypothesis • 1. Two paths to sexual aggression A. impersonal sex path B. Hostile masculinity path • 2. Mate Deprivation Hypothesis
Sexual Aggressiveness • “Acts of sexual aggression are exemplifies by the man’s demanding or forcing sexual intimacy, failing to get mutual agreement for sex, and touching a woman’s body without her permission” (p. 319, Buss) • Men don’t seemed to be bothered by women’s sexual aggressiveness. • Jordan? • Men underestimate how disturbing sexual aggression is to women.
Sexual Harassment • Main Entry: sexual harassmentFunction: noun: uninvited and unwelcome verbal or physical behavior of a sexual nature especially by a person in authority toward a subordinate (as an employee or student) • http://youtube.com/watch?v=vm_YewSqOy8 http://webster.com/dictionary/Sexual%20Harassment
Facts About Sexual Harassment • Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Included but not limited to the following • The victim as well as the harasser may be a woman or a man. The victim does not have to be of the opposite sex • The harasser can be the victim’s supervisor, an agent of the employer, a supervisor in another area, a co-worker, or a non-employee. • The victim does not have to be the person harassed but could be anyone affected by the offensive conduct. • Unlawful sexual harassment may occur without economic injury to or discharge of the victim. • The harasser’s conduct must be unwelcome. • www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/pdf/Imfeeoc.pdf
Sexual Harassment • Motivations • Short-term sexual encounter • Desire to exercise power • Seek a long lasting romantic relationships • Do you agree or disagree with these statements?
Sexual Harassment • Status affects how offended women are by this act. • Why is this? • Men have lower thresholds than women. • Is this due to socialization or evolution.
Do Men Have Evolved Rape Adaptations? • Do men have evolved specialized adaptations to rape under certain circumstances or is rape a by-product of other evolved mechanisms? • The General’s Daughter
Rape-as-adaptation theory • Selection has favored males who raped under certain pretenses • Six specialized adaptations that might have evolved in the male mind • assessment of the vulnerability of potential rape victims • a context-sensitive “switch” that motivates rape in men who lack sexual access to consenting partners • A preference for maximally fertile rape victims, as contrasted with a preference in marriage contexts for more reproductively valuable but perhaps less immediately fertile partners • An increase in sperm counts of rape ejaculates compared with those occurring in consensual sex • Sexual arousal in men specifically to the use of force or to signs of female resistance to consensual sex • Context-specific marital rape in circumstances in which sperm competition might exist
By-product theory of rape • Rape is a by-product of other evolved mechanisms, such as the desire for variety, sex with little investment, physical aggression to achieve goals, lack of other partners. • Your opinion?
Do Women Have Evolved Anti-rape Adaptations? • Separate issue than male adaptation • Possible adaptations that women have evolved • Making friendships with males • Choose mate based on physical size • Female-female coalition • Development of fear to avoid dangerous situations • Avoid risky situations especially during ovulation, to avoid conception • Psychological pain after rape, to avoid another rape • Do you think you have to have all of these, any? • Do you use any of these strategies?
Women & Rape • What are the consequences of being raped?
Facts about Rape • Myths • Rape is a one-time incident, lapse in judgment • Rapists are strangers • Rape is provoked by the victim • Rapes happen to women alone at night. If at home a women will be safe. • Women cannot be raped against their will…rape can be avoided by resistance. • Most rapes involve black men and white women. • Women respect men for overpowering them; they may even enjoy that rape. • Rapists are mentally ill or developmentally challenged and therefore not responsible • Facts • Rape is intentional act, and may occur many times, usually a pattern. • 76% intimate partners, 16.8% acquaintances, 14.1% strangers, 8.6% other relatives • No one provokes rape • Anyone can be raped, any age, either sex and by someone of the same or opposite sex • 1:4 girls, 1:10 boys • Black women are the most raped group
Rape • Study by Thornhill & Thornhill, 1992 found that men are aroused by rape • What do you think this means? • Why do you think rape happens so often? • What about marital rape?
Social Perception of Rape • Article by Frese, Moya, Megias
Bibliography • Picture of Gabrielle Union http://www2.oprah.com/tows/slide/200611/20061110/slide_20061110_284_105.jhtml • Buss, D. (2004). Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind. Pearson, Boston. • Jealousy Quiz http://discoveryhealth.queendom.com/questions/jealousy_men_abridged_1.html • Information on Domestic Violence from Sue Michalski. Training and Education Director. Domestic Violence Coordination Council. • http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=Women+saying+no+to+man • www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/pdf/Imfeeoc.pdf • Convergent vocal strategies of males and females are consistent with a cooperative function of duetting in Australian magpie-larks. By: Hall, Michelle L.. Behaviour, Apr2006, Vol. 143 Issue 4, p425-449, 25p, 6 graphs; DOI: 10.1163/156853906776240623; (AN 20197618)
Bibliography • http://youtube.com/watch?v=vm_YewSqOy8 • http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/39172000/jpg/_39172642_domesticviolence203_body.jpg&imgrefurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/2997428.stm&h=152&w=203&sz=13&hl=en&start=11&tbnid=egi6Y2KS6_lKAM:&tbnh=79&tbnw=105&prev=/images%3Fq%3DFight%2BMan%2Band%2BWoman%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D • http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/flavor_of_love_2/series_videos.jhtml http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/flavor_of_love_2/series.jhtml • http://youtube.com/watch?v=dWk0YaTLhek • http://youtube.com/watch?v=NXeuDK47Hng • http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=Jealousy&btnG=Search+Images