Digital Signal Processing

1. Digital Signal Processing Prof. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr http://www.yildiz.edu.tr/~naydin

2. Digital Signal Processing Lecture 5 Periodic Signals, Harmonics & Time-Varying Sinusoids

3. READING ASSIGNMENTS • This Lecture: • Chapter 3, Sections 3-2 and 3-3 • Chapter 3, Sections 3-7 and 3-8 • Next Lecture: • Fourier Series ANALYSIS • Sections 3-4, 3-5 and 3-6

4. Problem Solving Skills Math Formula Sum of Cosines Amp, Freq, Phase Recorded Signals Speech Music No simple formula Plot & Sketches S(t) versus t Spectrum MATLAB Numerical Computation Plotting list of numbers

5. LECTURE OBJECTIVES • FREQUENCY can change vs. TIME • Chirps: • Introduce Spectrogram Visualization (specgram.m) (plotspec.m) • Signals with HARMONIC Frequencies • Add Sinusoids with fk = kf0

6. SPECTRUM DIAGRAM –250 –100 0 100 250 f (in Hz) • Recall Complex Amplitude vs. Freq

7. SPECTRUM for PERIODIC ? • Nearly Periodic in the Vowel Region • Period is (Approximately) T = 0.0065 sec

8. PERIODIC SIGNALS • Repeat every T secs • Definition • Example: • Speech can be “quasi-periodic”

9. Period of Complex Exponential Definition: Period is T k = integer

10. Harmonic Signal Spectrum

11. Define FUNDAMENTAL FREQ

12. Harmonic Signal (3 Freqs) 3rd 5th What is the fundamental frequency? 10 Hz

13. POP QUIZ: FUNDAMENTAL f (in Hz) –250 –100 0 100 250 • Here’s another spectrum: What is the fundamental frequency? 100 Hz ? 50 Hz ?

14. IRRATIONAL SPECTRUM SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP to get a PERIODIC SIGNAL

15. Harmonic Signal (3 Freqs) T=0.1

16. NON-Harmonic Signal NOT PERIODIC

17. FREQUENCY ANALYSIS • Now, a much HARDER problem • Given a recording of a song, have the computer write the music • Can a machine extract frequencies? • Yes, if we COMPUTE the spectrum for x(t) • During short intervals

18. Time-Varying FREQUENCIES Diagram 26Ekim2k11 A-440 Frequency is the vertical axis Time is the horizontal axis

19. SIMPLE TEST SIGNAL • C-major SCALE: stepped frequencies • Frequency is constant for each note IDEAL

20. SPECTROGRAM • SPECTROGRAM Tool • MATLAB function is specgram.m • SP-First has plotspec.m & spectgr.m • ANALYSIS program • Takes x(t) as input & • Produces spectrum values Xk • Breaks x(t) into SHORT TIME SEGMENTS • Then uses the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform)

21. SPECTROGRAM EXAMPLE • Two Constant Frequencies: Beats

22. AM Radio Signal • Same as BEAT Notes

23. SPECTRUM of AM (Beat) • 4 complex exponentials in AM: –672 0 648 –648 672 f (in Hz) What is the fundamental frequency? 648 Hz ? 24 Hz ?

24. STEPPED FREQUENCIES • C-major SCALE: successive sinusoids • Frequency is constant for each note IDEAL

25. SPECTROGRAM of C-Scale Sinusoids ONLY From SPECGRAM ANALYSIS PROGRAM ARTIFACTS at Transitions

26. Spectrogram of LAB SONG Sinusoids ONLY Analysis Frame = 40ms ARTIFACTS at Transitions

27. Time-Varying Frequency • Frequency can change vs. time • Continuously, not stepped • FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM) • CHIRP SIGNALS • Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM) VOICE

28. New Signal: Linear FM QUADRATIC • Called Chirp Signals (LFM) • Quadratic phase • Freq will change LINEARLY vs. time • Example of Frequency Modulation (FM) • Define “instantaneous frequency”

29. INSTANTANEOUS FREQ Derivative of the “Angle” Makes sense • Definition • For Sinusoid:

30. INSTANTANEOUS FREQof the Chirp • Chirp Signals have Quadratic phase • Freq will change LINEARLY vs. time

31. CHIRP SPECTROGRAM

32. CHIRP WAVEFORM

33. OTHER CHIRPS y(t) can be anything: y(t) could be speech or music: • FM radio broadcast

34. SINE-WAVE FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)