Ch 12

1. Ch 12 The Age of Jackson

2. The Age of Jackson • During his presidency, Andrew Jackson makes political and economic decisions that strongly affect the nation.

3. Section 1 • Politics of the People

4. Politics of the People • Andrew Jackson’s election to the presidency in 1828 brings a new era of popular democracy.

5. Election of 1824

6. The Election of 1824 • Democratic-Republican party has four presidential candidates: • John Quincy Adams has New England’s support • William Crawford has South’s support

7. The Election of 1824 • Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson both have the West’s support • Jackson wins popular votes but he fails to get majority of electoral votes • House of Representatives chooses John Quincy Adams

8. Jacksonian Democracy • Andrew Jackson feels 1824 election has been stolen from him • Aims to win next election and he helps to split Democratic-Republican party

9. Jacksonian Democracy • Split eventually creates 2 parties: • 1) Democrats - grow out of Jackson’s supporters • 2) National Republicans - grow from Adams’s supporters

10. New Political Parties

11. Jacksonian Democracy • Jackson backs interests of common people and supports majority rule • Jacksonian democracy— political power for all people and majority rule

12. The People’s President • Andrew Jackson is the first president not from aristocratic background • Grows up on frontier farm and fights in the Revolutionary War were he was taken prisoner

13. The People’s President • After the war he becomes a lawyer and later a hero in War of 1812

14. Section 2 • Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans

15. Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans • During Jackson’s presidency the Native Americans are forced to move west of the Mississippi River.

16. Jackson and the Native Americans

17. Jackson’s Removal Policy • Andrew Jackson wants to move Native Americans west of the Mississippi River • Jackson believes Native Americans have one of two choices:

18. Jackson’s Removal Policy • 1) adopt white culture and become U.S. citizens • 2) move into Western territories • Gold is found in Georgia and Southern states give whites right to the Cherokee land

19. Jackson’s Removal Policy • Cherokee protest but President Andrew Jackson supports states • Congress passes Indian Removal Act (1830) which:

20. Jackson’s Removal Policy • requires Native Americans to relocate west • Policy forever changes relations between whites and Native Americans

21. Indian Removal Act

22. The Trail of Tears • Many Native Americans feel they have no choice but to sign treaties • Treaties require tribes to move to Indian Territory • Indian Territory—what is now Oklahoma, parts of Kansas, and Nebraska

23. The Trail of Tears • Beginning in 1831, Southeast tribes relocate to Indian Territory • Cherokee appeal decision to U.S. Supreme Court, to protect land • Court upholds appeal but Andrew Jackson ignores it

24. The Trail of Tears • U.S. troops force 16,000 Cherokee to march west in the fall and winter of 1838–1839 • Without adequate clothing, about one-fourth of Cherokees die

25. The Trail of Tears • Harsh journey of the Cherokee becomes known as the Trail of Tears  

26. Trail of Tears interactive map

27. Section 3 • Conflicts over States’ Rights

28. Conflicts over States’ Rights • Jackson struggles to keep Southern states from breaking away from the Union over the issue of tariffs.

29. Rising Sectional Differences • In 1829, U.S. pulled apart by conflicts among its three main sections: • the Northeast • the South • the West

30. Rising Sectional Differences • Northeasterners do not want public land in West sold at low prices • Cheap land attracts workers needed in Northeast factories • Westerners want cheap land in the West to attract settlers

31. Rising Sectional Differences • Northeast and the West back internal improvement such as roads, canals • Roads and canals aid transportation of food, raw materials, and manufactured goods

32. Rising Sectional Differences • South opposes internal improvement funded by tariffs on imports • South opposes tariffs because it’s economy depends on foreign trade

33. Rising Sectional Differences • Northeast supports tariffs because they encourage purchases of domestic products

34. Nullification

35. Crisis over Nullification • Vice-president John C. Calhoun creates doctrine of nullification: • 1) state has right to reject federal law it considers unconstitutional • 2) any state can nullify (reject) a federal law within its borders

36. Crisis over Nullification • 3) Congress has no right to pass tariff favoring one area of nation • Doctrine gives South Carolina the right to nullify the tariff • Calhoun hopes doctrine will stop South Carolina from leaving the Union

37. The States’ Right Debate • Senate debates doctrine of nullification in the Webster-Hayne debate (1830) • Senator Robert Y. Hayne, South Carolina, supports nullification: • gives states a lawful way to defend their freedom

38. The States’ Right Debate • Senator Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, opposes nullification: • the people not the states make the Union • President Andrew Jackson opposes nullification

39. Section 4 • Prosperity and Panic

40. Jackson’s War on the National Bank

41. Prosperity and Panic • Jackson’s policies cause the economy to collapse after he leaves office and affect the next election.

42. Martin Van Buren as President

43. The Rise of the Whig Party • Senators Henry Clay and Daniel Webster want government to help economy • Martin Van Buren disagrees, economy will improve if left alone • At next election, Van Buren faces new political party, the Whig Party

44. The Rise of the Whig Party • Whigs oppose concentration of power in the president • Choose William Henry Harrison to run for president • Choose John Tyler to run for vice-president

45. The Election of 1840 • William Henry Harrison appeals to common people, wins 1840 election • Dies one month after being inaugurated

46. The Election of 1840 • First president to die in office • Vice-president John Tyler becomes president