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1. Strawberries ! ! ! Physiology and Morphology of Strawberries http://www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/strawberry.html
2. The strawberry is found in both hemispheres. Europe Asia and the Americas. It is temperate. The typical cultivated strawberry comes from the Americas, and is a hybrid of the North America F. virginiana and the South American F. chiloensis, developed through accidental hybridization in the early 18th century. The F. chiloensis clones brought from Europe were exclusively female, and thus had to be planted with pollen sources to obtain fruit, resulting in hybrid seed from which F. x ananassa is believed to have arisen, probably around Brest, France.
Genus: FragariaThe strawberry is found in both hemispheres. Europe Asia and the Americas. It is temperate. The typical cultivated strawberry comes from the Americas, and is a hybrid of the North America F. virginiana and the South American F. chiloensis, developed through accidental hybridization in the early 18th century. The F. chiloensis clones brought from Europe were exclusively female, and thus had to be planted with pollen sources to obtain fruit, resulting in hybrid seed from which F. x ananassa is believed to have arisen, probably around Brest, France.
Genus: Fragaria
3. Physiology
4. Leaves Leaf Structure: The leaves have usually three leaflets palmately arranged, but the number of leaflets may be increased to five, 6, 7. The leaves are staggered to allow for sun utilization.
this article by John Catlan. The article is taken from the September 2003 Caloosahatchee Meristem, newsletter
of the Caloosahatchee Bromeliad Society.
Look at any plant: tomato, strawberry, or pineapple; count the number of petals or the way the leaves are arranged. You will find them set out in pairs, threes, fives, eight, or thirteens but never fours. Plants dont like four.
Plants stick to numbers in series 1, 2,3,5,8,13,21,34 where each number comes from adding the previous two together. This series is called the Fibonacci Sequence.
http://www2.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/botgloss.htm
Leaf Structure: The leaves have usually three leaflets palmately arranged, but the number of leaflets may be increased to five, 6, 7. The leaves are staggered to allow for sun utilization.
this article by John Catlan. The article is taken from the September 2003 Caloosahatchee Meristem, newsletter
of the Caloosahatchee Bromeliad Society.
Look at any plant: tomato, strawberry, or pineapple; count the number of petals or the way the leaves are arranged. You will find them set out in pairs, threes, fives, eight, or thirteens but never fours. Plants dont like four.
Plants stick to numbers in series 1, 2,3,5,8,13,21,34 where each number comes from adding the previous two together. This series is called the Fibonacci Sequence.
http://www2.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/botgloss.htm
5. Flower Belongs to the family Rosaceae.
It has five sepals
Perfect (both sexes) self-fruitful.
Wind or insect pollinated; insect is better.
500 pistils on each receptacle. Flower structure:
The flower has the typical Rosaceous structure with five sepals.
Pollination:
Most varieties are self-fruitful but insects are essential for optimal pollination.
Some pollen is moved by wind, but complete pollination is only possible with insect activity. Bees are the best pollinators.
There are up to 500 pistils on each receptacle that develop into an achene or seed.Flower structure:
The flower has the typical Rosaceous structure with five sepals.
Pollination:
Most varieties are self-fruitful but insects are essential for optimal pollination.
Some pollen is moved by wind, but complete pollination is only possible with insect activity. Bees are the best pollinators.
There are up to 500 pistils on each receptacle that develop into an achene or seed.
6. Flower / Fruit Its fruit is known as an accessory fruit, the seeds are the actual fruits of the plant, and the flesh of the strawberry is swollen tip of the pedicel (stem). It is whitish-green as it develops and turns red when ripe.
Fruit ripen 20-30 days from bloom.
High in vitamin C.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_strawberry
http://www.answers.com/topic/strawberry
http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=1318010
Seed development is necessary for receptacle enlargement.
Complete pollination of all ovules is necessary for maximum fruit size and perfectly shaped fruit.
Flower structure:
The flower has the typical Rosaceous structure, but the 'fruit' is very peculiar. Contrast it to the "hip" of the rose. The top of the rose flower-stalk expands as it grows into concave structure, the "hip," within which are concealed the true fruits or seeds. In the strawberry the floral axis, instead of becoming concave, swells out into a fleshy, dome-shaped or flattened mass in which the true fruits, commonly called seeds, are more or less embedded but never wholly concealed. A ripe strawberry in fact may be aptly compared to the "fruit" of a rose turned inside out. Its fruit is known as an accessory fruit, in that the fleshy part is derived not from the plant's ovaries but from the peg at the bottom of the bowl-shaped hypanthium that holds the ovaries.
http://www.answers.com/topic/strawberry. The strawberry is an accessory fruit; that is, the fleshy part is derived not from the ovaries which are the "seeds" (actually achenes) but from the peg at the bottom of the hypanthium that held the ovaries. So from a technical standpoint, the seeds are the actual fruits of the plant, and the flesh of the strawberry is modified receptacle tissue. It is whitish-green as it develops and in most species turns red when ripe.
Seed development is necessary for receptacle enlargement.
Complete pollination of all ovules is necessary for maximum fruit size and perfectly shaped fruit.
Flower structure:
The flower has the typical Rosaceous structure, but the 'fruit' is very peculiar. Contrast it to the "hip" of the rose. The top of the rose flower-stalk expands as it grows into concave structure, the "hip," within which are concealed the true fruits or seeds. In the strawberry the floral axis, instead of becoming concave, swells out into a fleshy, dome-shaped or flattened mass in which the true fruits, commonly called seeds, are more or less embedded but never wholly concealed. A ripe strawberry in fact may be aptly compared to the "fruit" of a rose turned inside out. Its fruit is known as an accessory fruit, in that the fleshy part is derived not from the plant's ovaries but from the peg at the bottom of the bowl-shaped hypanthium that holds the ovaries.
http://www.answers.com/topic/strawberry. The strawberry is an accessory fruit; that is, the fleshy part is derived not from the ovaries which are the "seeds" (actually achenes) but from the peg at the bottom of the hypanthium that held the ovaries. So from a technical standpoint, the seeds are the actual fruits of the plant, and the flesh of the strawberry is modified receptacle tissue. It is whitish-green as it develops and in most species turns red when ripe.
7. Stolen Modified Stem
http://www.gardenaction.co.uk Stolons are modified stems ( whose purpose is to spread the plant over the surface of the ground. Stolons in strawberries will run out from a given strawberry plant, form a single node in the middle and then at the second node it will form a new plant will form. http://www2.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/botgloss.htm
It would be ideal to limit each plant to only two daughters.
Stolons are modified stems ( whose purpose is to spread the plant over the surface of the ground. Stolons in strawberries will run out from a given strawberry plant, form a single node in the middle and then at the second node it will form a new plant will form. http://www2.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/botgloss.htm
It would be ideal to limit each plant to only two daughters.
8. Flower-Scapes - flowering stem Flower-scapes: If the plants produce a large number of flower-scapes, each should, if fine large fruit is desired, have them reduced to about four of the strongest. The lowest blossoms on the scape will be found to produce the largest, earliest and best fruits. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Strawberry
Scape: A leafless or naked flowering stem
It may now be further noted that, morphologically, there is no differnce between a stolon and a flower scape, - a rhizome or a permanent flower stem. The straberry is one of the best illustrations of this. The Bush Alpone never makes a runner all that would be stolons becoming erect flower scapes. The transitions between flower scapes and stolons may be seen at any time by the careful oberserver. But the flower scape is an annual, while the stolons remain over until another season. Publications of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphiz. V 53, 1901, p 788-794.Flower-scapes: If the plants produce a large number of flower-scapes, each should, if fine large fruit is desired, have them reduced to about four of the strongest. The lowest blossoms on the scape will be found to produce the largest, earliest and best fruits. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Strawberry
Scape: A leafless or naked flowering stem
It may now be further noted that, morphologically, there is no differnce between a stolon and a flower scape, - a rhizome or a permanent flower stem. The straberry is one of the best illustrations of this. The Bush Alpone never makes a runner all that would be stolons becoming erect flower scapes. The transitions between flower scapes and stolons may be seen at any time by the careful oberserver. But the flower scape is an annual, while the stolons remain over until another season. Publications of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphiz. V 53, 1901, p 788-794.
9. Flowering Types commercial production, plants are propagated from runners and generally distributed as either bare root plants or plugs
commercial production, plants are propagated from runners and generally distributed as either bare root plants or plugs
10. Plant Development Root Growth Spring - best at cool temps (~55F).
Crown Growth Spring - best at moderate temps (~65F).
Fruit Development Spring - best at cool temps (~45F).
Leaf Growth Late Spring - best at mod - high temps (~75F).
Runner Production Summer - best under long days and high temps.
under Short days - need high temps >75F.
under Long days - best at high temps, but capable at lower temps.
Fruit Initiation Late Summer best at short days, cool temps (~55F).
11. Flower Development (Morphology)? Induction: Physiological process in the plant by which the shoot apical meristem becomes competent to develop flowers. Biochemical changes at the apex, particularly those caused by cytokinins, accompany this process. Usually flower induction is followed by flower differentiation.
Induction sample in some varietals: The inductive short day period is 4-6 weeks (Guttridge, 1985). A chilling requirement (-1 to 10°C) has to be met to break the dormancy period:
Flower induction can be reversed, but flower differentiation is irreversible, because anatomical changes are in place.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_induction takes a 8 hr photoperiod or less.
Initiation: The crowns of strawberry plants are like compressed branches. The buds at the base of each leaf on the crown can turn into either a runner or a flowering stalk. During the long days of early summer, the buds turn into runners. The short days of August signal the plant to start making floral buds instead of runners.
In Minnesota, strawberry plants start making flower buds around August 15th. In cool weather, the plant will start making floral buds in early August, while hot weather can delay floral bud initiation. Strawberry plants are currently making floral buds and will continue to do so as long as daytime temperatures climb above 50şF.
This period of flower initiation is critical for producing next years crop. Never spray the herbicide 2,4-D near strawberries between August 1 and November 1. 2,4-D interferes with floral initiation by fusing several flower buds into one large doughnut- shaped flower which will result in reduced fruit yields. http://www.extension.umn.edu
Differentiation: A growth cycle consists of the process starting with the beginning of cell division in the zygote or with branching (initiation of lateral primordia) and ending with flowering/fruiting on the top end of the shoot through vegetative growth with leaf development. This 'one bud - one growth cycle theory' appears to be applicable to the diverse growth behaviours and morphologies described in various plant species. http://www.freepatentsonline.com
Induction: Physiological process in the plant by which the shoot apical meristem becomes competent to develop flowers. Biochemical changes at the apex, particularly those caused by cytokinins, accompany this process. Usually flower induction is followed by flower differentiation.
Induction sample in some varietals: The inductive short day period is 4-6 weeks (Guttridge, 1985). A chilling requirement (-1 to 10°C) has to be met to break the dormancy period:
Flower induction can be reversed, but flower differentiation is irreversible, because anatomical changes are in place.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_induction takes a 8 hr photoperiod or less.
Initiation: The crowns of strawberry plants are like compressed branches. The buds at the base of each leaf on the crown can turn into either a runner or a flowering stalk. During the long days of early summer, the buds turn into runners. The short days of August signal the plant to start making floral buds instead of runners.
In Minnesota, strawberry plants start making flower buds around August 15th. In cool weather, the plant will start making floral buds in early August, while hot weather can delay floral bud initiation. Strawberry plants are currently making floral buds and will continue to do so as long as daytime temperatures climb above 50şF.
This period of flower initiation is critical for producing next years crop. Never spray the herbicide 2,4-D near strawberries between August 1 and November 1. 2,4-D interferes with floral initiation by fusing several flower buds into one large doughnut- shaped flower which will result in reduced fruit yields. http://www.extension.umn.edu
Differentiation: A growth cycle consists of the process starting with the beginning of cell division in the zygote or with branching (initiation of lateral primordia) and ending with flowering/fruiting on the top end of the shoot through vegetative growth with leaf development. This 'one bud - one growth cycle theory' appears to be applicable to the diverse growth behaviours and morphologies described in various plant species. http://www.freepatentsonline.com
12. Leaf Number and Yield The number of leaves per plant in late fall is used as a measure of leaf area, which in itself is directly related to the number of fruits borne by the plant the next year. Many of the buds in leaf axils turn into flower buds, and usually, under average conditions, the more leaves, the more flower clusters.
G.M. Darrow, The Strawberry: History, Breeding and Physiology
http://www.nal.usda.gov/pgdic/Strawberry/book/bok9teen.htm
13. Formation of Flower Bud A later stage showing the individual flowers on October 1. A) part that develops into the berry, B) stamens of the flower buds, C) petals. Highly magnified.
14. DEVELOPMENT OF GROWING POINTS A drawing of a plant as it appears at the blossoming season. In the previous fall, the growing point at the end of its short stem was transformed into a flower bud which, in turn, in the spring developed into the flower cluster shown. Because its growing point became a flower bud, no further vegetative development of the plant could take place except as new growing points appeared.
15. Leaves - Protection By cutting the tops off as soon after the previous harvest and so removing the flower inhibition produced by leaves, yields were increased from 10 percent to about 100 percent. The garden strawberry which requires short days for flowering, if a parent plant is kept in long days but its daughter plants, which are attached to it by runners, are put in short days then flowering of the daughters is greatly reduced. (Guttridge, 1959)?
http://books.google.com/books?id=dqSuoOtDM1cC&pg=PA888&lpg=PA888&dq=Guttridge+(1959&source=web&ots=V72zCBpeFC&sig=heCkPjPCMeEItEJA83dJHaHfDZw&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result
Guttridge (1959) exposed one plant each of pairs of runner plants joined by runners to long daily light periods. The effect of the long light period on one plant of each pair was to increase petiole lengths and leaf size and to delay flower initiation in the other plant of each pair exposed to a short day, and he concluded that there was good evidence for the existence of a growth-regulating substance(s) that promoted vegetative growth and inhibited flower initiation and that this substance controlled the vegetative-fruiting responses of the strawberry.The garden strawberry which requires short days for flowering, if a parent plant is kept in long days but its daughter plants, which are attached to it by runners, are put in short days then flowering of the daughters is greatly reduced. (Guttridge, 1959)?
http://books.google.com/books?id=dqSuoOtDM1cC&pg=PA888&lpg=PA888&dq=Guttridge+(1959&source=web&ots=V72zCBpeFC&sig=heCkPjPCMeEItEJA83dJHaHfDZw&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result
Guttridge (1959) exposed one plant each of pairs of runner plants joined by runners to long daily light periods. The effect of the long light period on one plant of each pair was to increase petiole lengths and leaf size and to delay flower initiation in the other plant of each pair exposed to a short day, and he concluded that there was good evidence for the existence of a growth-regulating substance(s) that promoted vegetative growth and inhibited flower initiation and that this substance controlled the vegetative-fruiting responses of the strawberry.
16. Growing from Seed Possibly the cheapest way to establish your own strawberry bed is to grow your plants from seed - something so often forgotten, which is strange considering strawberries are one of the fruits to bare their seed on the outside! (put in blender)!
Spring sowing -you could get fruit in Autumn. Autumn sowing will ensure Spring and early Summer fruiting.
17. June-bearing" strawberries, which bear their fruit in the early summer. "Ever-bearing" strawberries, which often bear several crops of fruit throughout the season. Strawberries actually occur in three basic flowering habits: short day (June-bearing), long day (Ever-bearing), and day neutral. Day neutral cultivars produce flowers regardless of the photo- period. Most commercial strawberries are either short day or day neutral. Do you want to pick fruit all summer long???
18. Planting Strawberries It is important to plant strawberry plants to the correct depth - too low in the ground and the growing crown may rot, too high and the roots may dry out.
http://www.gardenaction.co.uk/fruit_veg_diary/fruit_veg_mini_project_february_2_strawberry2.aspIt is important to plant strawberry plants to the correct depth - too low in the ground and the growing crown may rot, too high and the roots may dry out.
http://www.gardenaction.co.uk/fruit_veg_diary/fruit_veg_mini_project_february_2_strawberry2.asp
19. Care Strawberries need lots of water until they are well established but don't water-log them
Strawberries planted in September can be left to flower and fruit in their first summer
Strawberries prefer a well-dug, free draining soil. If the soil is water-logged the plants will quickly attract a wide variety of mold disease. Feeding strawberries is not needed if you spread a layer of well-rotted compost around the plants in early spring. This will also help retain moisture without causing water logging If you want to feed the plants in the spring, use a weak solution of tomato feed which is high in potassium. Feeding with a nitrogen rich feed will only encourage leaf growth at the expense of fruit growth. The best time to feed the plants is when you see the fruits forming in late spring If you want to feed the plants in the spring, use a weak solution of tomato feed which is high in potassium. Feeding with a nitrogen rich feed will only encourage leaf growth at the expense of fruit growth. The best time to feed the plants is when you see the fruits forming in late spring
20. To Do: March - April Remove mulch, apply row cover, set up for frost protection.
April - May Scout for tarnished plant bug, blossom fungicides.
June - Irrigate when needed.
July - Renovate (mow and plow), fertilize, irrigate, weed control.
August - Leaf analysis.
November - Preemergent weed control, mulch (Thanksgiving).
http://www.fruit.cornell.edu/Berries/strawpdf/strawprodsum06.pdf Renovation: After harvest, fields should be renovated as soon as possible. The process of
renovation is rejuevenation. Renovation goes a long way towards controlling diseases and stimulating
growth in the plants. The steps in renovation are:
a. Apply 2,4-D (Formula 40) at 2-3 pts/acre for broadleaf weed control. This should go on 4 -
5 days before mowing to give the herbicide a chance to be translocated to the roots. 2,4-D
shouldn't be applied after August 1 because it interferes with next year's flower bud initiation.
There is another opportunity to apply 2,4-D in the fall once the strawberries go dormant.
b. Mow leaves off close to the ground, but without damaging the crowns.
c. Narrow the rows to 10-12 inches with a rototiller. While doing this, try to throw 1/2" of soil
onto the crowns.
d. Fertilize with 60-80 lbs of actual N. This can be done with 500 lbs/acre of a complete
fertilizer like 15-15-15 or 750 lbs/acre of 10-10-10, but it's preferable to use ammonium nitrate
since P and K were sufficient at planting.
e. Apply Sinbar herbicide to control germinating weeds. This can go on at 2 to 6 oz/acre, with
another application later. The total cannot exceed 8 oz/acre per season. See cautions for this
herbicide in PLANTING YEAR section.
Apply Stinger to control broadleaf weeds. DO NOT tank mix with other herbicides. This can
go on 1/3 to 2/3 pints per acre, not exceeding 2/3 per acre per year.
See Precautions in PLANTING YEAR section.
f. Irrigate to incorporate fertilizer and herbicide.
g. Take leaf samples for analysis. Collect at least 20 of the first fully expanded leaves that
regrow after renovation. Contact Cooperative Extension for instructions on submitting them
for analysis (cost is approximately $28 per sample). Put on another application of fertilizer
during the first week in September according to the leaf analysis. If no leaf analysis was done,
apply another 30 lbs/acre of actual N. This can go on as 90 lbs/acre of ammonium nitrate.
http://www.fruit.cornell.edu/Berries/strawpdf/strawprodsum06.pdfRenovation: After harvest, fields should be renovated as soon as possible. The process of
renovation is rejuevenation. Renovation goes a long way towards controlling diseases and stimulating
growth in the plants. The steps in renovation are:
a. Apply 2,4-D (Formula 40) at 2-3 pts/acre for broadleaf weed control. This should go on 4 -
5 days before mowing to give the herbicide a chance to be translocated to the roots. 2,4-D
shouldn't be applied after August 1 because it interferes with next year's flower bud initiation.
There is another opportunity to apply 2,4-D in the fall once the strawberries go dormant.
b. Mow leaves off close to the ground, but without damaging the crowns.
c. Narrow the rows to 10-12 inches with a rototiller. While doing this, try to throw 1/2" of soil
onto the crowns.
d. Fertilize with 60-80 lbs of actual N. This can be done with 500 lbs/acre of a complete
fertilizer like 15-15-15 or 750 lbs/acre of 10-10-10, but it's preferable to use ammonium nitrate
since P and K were sufficient at planting.
e. Apply Sinbar herbicide to control germinating weeds. This can go on at 2 to 6 oz/acre, with
another application later. The total cannot exceed 8 oz/acre per season. See cautions for this
herbicide in PLANTING YEAR section.
Apply Stinger to control broadleaf weeds. DO NOT tank mix with other herbicides. This can
go on 1/3 to 2/3 pints per acre, not exceeding 2/3 per acre per year.
See Precautions in PLANTING YEAR section.
f. Irrigate to incorporate fertilizer and herbicide.
g. Take leaf samples for analysis. Collect at least 20 of the first fully expanded leaves that
regrow after renovation. Contact Cooperative Extension for instructions on submitting them
for analysis (cost is approximately $28 per sample). Put on another application of fertilizer
during the first week in September according to the leaf analysis. If no leaf analysis was done,
apply another 30 lbs/acre of actual N. This can go on as 90 lbs/acre of ammonium nitrate.
http://www.fruit.cornell.edu/Berries/strawpdf/strawprodsum06.pdf
21. Mowed Bed
23. Disease Index Anthracnose whole plant and fruit
Gray mold rot fruit rot
Black Root Rot, Red Stele root rot
Verticillium leaf and shoot
Leaf Spot, Leaf Scorch - leaves and shoot
24. Strawberry Pests Strawberry bud weevil
Tarnished plant bug
Strawberry sap beetle
Slugs
Thrips
Fruit fly
Root weevil
Spider mite
Crown borer
Leafroller
White grubs
Aphids
Spittle bug
Cutworm
Leafhopper
25. Cultivars:
26. Strawberry Ranch
27. After visiting Cactus Valley, we went to Kok Lim Self Plucking Strawberry Farm at Cameron Highlands, Pahang
28. Home Hydroponics Take a pop bottle and cut the top off 2/3 up the bottle.
Take a long piece of cloth like an old t shirt and tie it into a ball big enough not to go through the pop bottle top hole.
The lead must be long enough to reach the bottom when the top is inverted and put back into the bottom.
Fill the top with soil and put your plants in the soil.
Fill the bottom with a good hydroponic fertilizer at half strength. Be sure not to fill high enough for the water to reach the top sticking down.
Thats it. This will grow quickly and uses the best of both worlds.
32. Keep it Simple.
33. Strawberry Bed Home Garden
