Thomas Jefferson’s Presidency

1. Thomas Jefferson’s Presidency 1801-1809

2. The Beginning • March 4, 1801 • Thomas Jefferson is the first President inaugurated in the new capital city of Washington D.C. • He delivers his first inaugural address. This address outlines what he feels are the essential principles of government.

3. First Inaugural Address • Essential Principles of Government • “equal and exact justice to all men” • “peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations” • “the support of state governments” • “the preservation of general government” • punishment for those who choose to revolt • compliance with the decisions of the majority

4. First Inaugural Address • Essential Principles of Government Cont… • “a well disciplined militia” • honest payment of debts • maintaining a sound economy • proper distribution of information • freedom of religion • freedom of the press

5. Vice President Aaron Burr • “Northern Confederacy” • Split from Rep. party • Rivalry leads to a duel between Burr and Hamilton • Hamilton killed, Burr in exile • Plotted to form his own empire in the LA territory

6. The Duel

7. John Marshall’s Court (1801-1835) • Sought to increase Court’s and fed. gov’t power • Federalist ideas • Marbury v. Madison • Judicial review • McCullough v. Maryland • Implied powers

8. The Louisiana Purchase Let’s Review!

9. April 9, 1682: LaSalle claims Louisiana Territory for France. http://www.jmu.edu/madison/louispurchase.htm

10. 1763- French and Indian War ends • Reminder: France vs. Great Britain • competing to be the most powerful nation in Europe. • Fighting because the British challenged French control of the Ohio Valley • American Indians and the Spanish assisted the French.

11. http://www.philaprintshop.com/frchind.html

12. 1763- French and Indian War ends • France lost the war… and were afraid of losing it’s holdings in Santo Domingo • Santo Domingo helped support the French Empire because of it’s lucrative cash crop of sugar • The Louisiana territory produced lumber, salt, flour and food for the sugar islands

13. France deeds Louisiana Purchase to Spain • French King Louis XV gave the Louisiana Purchase to Spanish King Charles to make up for Spanish losses in the French and Indian War. • True ultimatum for France: the Louisiana Purchase was too expensive to protect.

14. 1783: United States wins independence from Britain! • New concerns for the United States: • A European power, Spain, was on it’s western boundary. • Settlers moved westward, but the Appalachian Mountains were in the way of sending goods to the East coast.

15. U.S. Concerns • The Ohio and Mississippi Rivers were needed to ship produce to the port of New Orleans, and Spain owned both sides of the Mississippi! • (then the goods could be placed on an ocean liner for shipment to Eastern states).

16. 1795- Pinckney Treaty • U. S. negotiated with Spain so that the U.S. could navigate the Mississippi River and use the port of New Orleans. • This was very productive for the United States

17. 1800 Napoleon plans to get back the Louisiana Territory • Primarily to regain the West Indies (sugar isles). • The Louisiana Territory would provide good and goods for the troops and slaves in the West Indies

18. October 1, 1800: Treaty of San Ildefonso • The SECRET TREATY • Spain returned the Louisiana Territory to France AND gave them 6 war ships • France was supposed to hand over land in Tuscany.

19. 1802 Napoleon’s brother-in-law arrives in the West Indies • General Charles Victor Emmanuel Leclerc- • The brother-in-law • Pauline- • Napoleon’s sister • Were planning to lead a charmed life in a palace

20. 1802 Napoleon’s brother-in-law arrives in the West Indies • Toussaint L’Ouverture • “Black Napoleon” • In 1791 he had led a slave rebellion in Santo Domingo. • Became dictator of the island • Defeated LeClerc and troops • Was later kidnapped by Napoleon

21. 1802: Jefferson and Lewis plan the Expedition • Preliminary: Jefferson hoping to someday gain New Orleans for the United States. • Had heard rumors of the Treaty of San Ildefonso • Jefferson was hoping to keep France from governing New Orlean’s important port.

22. 1803: Ambassador Livingston in Paris • Given permission by Jefferson to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans for $2 million. • James Monroe soon joined him to assist in negotiations. • Jefferson agreed that he’d increase spending to $10 million because he feared that U. S. would lose the use of the Mississippi River and New Orleans.

23. Meanwhile, Napoleon’s problems: • 1. money lost while fighting Toussaint L’Ouverture for 10 months. Without possession of Santa Domingo, the Louisiana Territory was useless to France. • Spain refused to sell Florida to France • Napoleon redirected attention to conquering all of Europe… he needed money to do so.

24. Talleyrand, Napoleon’s Minister of Foreign Affairs • First to offer to sell all of the Louisiana Territory to Livingston • Barbe-Marbois, former representative of French government in Philadelphia • Friend of G. Washington, T. Jefferson, R. Livingston, J. Monroe…. • Bonaparte’s “official negotiator

25. Negotiations: • Livingston and Monroe finally agreed to pay $15 million (the U.S. was in debt; didn’t really have the money) • U.S. Congress had to rush ratification because Napoleon was changing his mind.

26. Spain Protests • Spain was furious because they claimed that Spain still owned the territory because France never left the Kingdom of Etruria. • Jefferson threatened to take Louisiana by force and attack the Floridas, too • Louisiana ownership was quickly deeded to France so that….

27. America’s Louisiana Territory • …France could deed the Louisiana Territory to the United States. • Lower Louisiana: transferred to the United states on November 30, 1803 • Upper Louisiana: transferred in St. Louis on March 9, 1804

28. What was included? • The Purchase contained what now equates to portions of 15 states in the US and 2 Canadian provinces. • The land that was bought enclosed all of Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska and parts of Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, New Mexico, Texas, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and of course Louisiana. The land purchased also included parts of what is now Alberta and Saskachewan in Canada. • The land that was purchased in the Louisiana Purchase now makes up about 23% of the territory of the United States.

29. The Louisiana Purchase!!!

30. Barbary Wars • May 1801 • Pasha of Tripoli declares war with the United States because President Jefferson refused to make the immediate payment of $225,000 and the annual payment of $25,000. • On the 20th Jefferson sent the first naval fleet to the area. • The ships included the President, Philadelphia, Essex and Enterprise. Map of the Barbary Wars Original Map can be found at: http://www.mariner.org/usnavy/caption_pages/06a_BarbaryWars.htm

31. Barbary Wars • In his first annual message, Jefferson addresses the Barbary Wars. • He justifies his actions of sending a naval fleet to the Mediterranean. • He also outlines the reasons the Pasha of Tripoli declared war with the United States. Map of Tripoli Original map can be found at: http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/libya/tripoli/tripoli.html

32. Barbary Wars • 1803 – Jefferson faces much criticism for his decisions made regarding the war • The Philadelphia runs aground in the Tripoli Harbor and it crew and captain are taken captive • He is forced to make several command changes. • 1801- Commodore Richard Dale • 1802 – Commodore Richard Morris • 1803 – Commodore Edward Preble Nautical Map of Tripoli Original map can be found at: http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/libya/tripoli/maps/roux_1764_pl_55.html

33. Realizing that there was no way to recapture the Philadelphia, Commodore Preble devises a plan to destroy the ship February 4, 1804 the Philadelphia was destroyed. August 3, 1804 the first attack against Tripoli took place when the Constitution’s guns fired on the city. September 1804 – the final battle took place in the Tripoli Harbor September 1804 – Commodore Barron arrived with backup for Commodore Preble Commodore Barron, who is senior in rank to Preble, continued the blockade and started looking for a new way to peace Shortly after Commodore Barron arrive, Commodore Preble retired June 4, 1805 after the Pasha of Tripoli had been replaced, a treaty was made with the United States and the prisoners were released. Barbary Wars

34. Embargo Act of 1807 • 1803 - Renewal of the Napoleonic Wars between France and Great Britain • America was once again trapped between the two nations • Jefferson wanting to stay neutral proposed an embargo on all foreign trade • This was highly unsuccessful and devastated the American Economy • The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 was put in place to repeal the unsuccessful Embargo Act

35. The War of 1812 Causes of the War of 1812 The War Begins The Effects of the War on America

36. The Presidency of James Madison • Elected in 1808 • Virginian lawyer and student of history • Wrote a large part of the U.S. Constitution • Stood barely 5’4” and 120 pounds but, an intellectual ahead of his time

37. Causes for the War of 1812 • The British Navy is taking American sailors from American ships to sail on British ships. This is called impressment. • British sailors leave British ships to sail on American ships because they are treated better and get paid very well

38. Causes for the War of 1812 • The British army is supporting Native American resistance to Anglo expansion on their land.

39. Causes for the War of 1812 • The United States has a desire to expand into more territory like British Canada • The real cause for this land grab is because of a poor transportation system and effects from the Embargo Act • Americans believe that seizing more land will end the depression

40. Causes for the War of 1812 • The United States wants to prove to Britain that the victory of the American Revolution was not luck. • Americans demand respect from the world.

41. Tecumseh and Indian Nationalism • Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief attempts to unify Indian tribes that have been removed from the Ohio River Valley • His brother, the Prophet preached that Indians should reject White ways and embrace their heritage • The brothers have a large following but their hopes are destroyed at the battle of fallen Timbers

42. American Shortcomings in The War of 1812 • The military is poorly trained and led • The U.S. navy is no match for the British navy • American forces attempt to seize Canada but are poorly led and militia forces • Americans are forced to fight a defensive war against an invading professional army

43. The Battle of Thames • October 5, 1813, British and Indian forces are defeated by American forces in Canada • Tecumseh’s death ends Indian resistance in the Ohio River Valley

44. The Death of Tecumseh

45. The British Burn the Capital • August 1814, the British Army invades the United States and marches on Washington D.C. • After a brief fight the city surrenders and nearly all government buildings are razed by fire • Madison rallies the American public after this defeat

46. “The Star Spangled Banner” • Francis Scott Key, a prisoner on a British barge witnessed the British bombardment of Fort McHenry, near Baltimore for 12 hours • In the morning he observed that the American flag still flew over the fort and writes a poem called “The Defence of Ft McHenry” it eventually becomes a song “The Star Spangled Banner” • Americans rally to the war effort after the capital is burnt down

47. “The Star Spangled Banner”

49. Things that make you go hmmm • The Treaty of Ghent on December 24, 1814 ends the War of 1812. The war is considered Staus quo ante bellum • The Hartford Convention, several New England states fear that the war is lost and actually talk about becoming another country

50. The Battle of New Orleans • The American forces are a multicultural motely band of experienced soldiers and warriors • The British, a trained army are virtually mauled by American forces hiding behind earthworks and cannons