Unit 10 The Trial That Rocked the World

1. Unit 10 The Trial That Rocked the World John Scopes Lecturer: Meng Fanyan

2. Understanding of the title • What rhetorical device does the author employ? • --- Hyperbole. • What do we anticipate and predict when seeing the title? • --- Injustice, persecution, violation of human rights, ignorance of prevailing intelligence, etc.

3. Teaching Aims • 1. To know the significance of this event • 2. To have a clear grasp of the process of the trial • 3. To appreciate the art of language • 4. To learn the legal language

4. Major Teaching Points • 1. Background information • 2. Detailed study of the text • 3. Discourse analysis • 4. Rhetoric devices • 5. Exercise

5. Background Knowledge • Information about religion • Terms concerning trial • Charles Darwin (1809-82) • John Scopes • American governing system

6. Terms related to religion • Laity: those members (Laymen俗人) of a religious group who are without the special training of priests or other religious officeholders（别于僧侣、牧师的）俗人 • Clergy: the people (Clergyman) who are members of esp. the Christian priesthood（牧师职位）and who are allowed to perform religious services（总称）牧师 • God: the Deity（神性）, the Divinity（神力）, Holy One, Jehovah（耶和华）, the Lord（主）, Providence（天意、天命）, the Almighty, and the Creator.

7. Three religions • There is only one God in heaven or maybe in the world. But the belief in God has developed into three religious sections, namely • Christianity (基督教) • Judaism（犹太教） • Islam（伊斯兰教）

8. Christianity(基督教) • Christianityis divided into several sections: *the Roman Catholic（罗马天主教） *the Protestant（新教） *the Orthodox Eastern Church（东正教） • Trinity: Christians believe in trinity, that is, God is the Holy Father, the Holy Son and the Holy Spirit/Ghost, with Jesus Christ as its incarnation（化身）.

9. the Roman Catholic（罗马天主教） The Roman Catholic Church has a very strict organization, with Pope（教皇）as its supreme leader, and cardinal（红衣主教）, archbishop（大主教）, bishop（主教）and priest (catholic father神父、牧师) under him successively. These clergies are not allowed to get married all their lives. People who belong to Roman Catholic Church have a tradition of going to church services every week.

10. the Protestant（新教） • For Protestants, things are not so rigorous（严格的）. They can worship God at home. Pastors（本堂牧师）, ministers（牧师）and clergymen（牧师、教士）can get married. They don't have a supreme governing body as the Roman Catholics do. For Roman Catholics, you can only talk to God by way of a church, confessing your sins in the confessional（忏悔室）to a priest who grants you absolution（解罪、赦免） in the name of God, but the Protestants believe they can talk directly to God.

11. the Orthodox Eastern Church（东正教） • Roman Catholic and Orthodox Eastern members draw cross on their chests, while Protestants do not. • Orthodox Eastern Church has another divine creature to worship, the Blessed Virgin Mary.

12. 玛丽亚订婚 (Engagement)

13. 圣母加冕礼(Coronation)

14. 四使徒（Four Apostles）

15. 圣母子 (the Blessed Virgin Maryand the HolySon)

16. Judaism（犹太教） • Judaism（犹太教）doesn’t believe in Jesus Christ. They believe in Moses（摩西）who led them away from persecutions of the Egyptians, and they suppose that God will come to the world one day in the future. Their prophets include King David（大卫王）and his son Solomon（所罗门）who was famous for his wealth and wisdom. • They think that God had granted them a place of inhabitancy（居所）, the Promised Land（乐土、福地）which is nowadays Israel. Jewish people have suffered religious discrimination by Christians over the long run of history. The Jewish people were not allowed to own land or serve at any government offices.

17. Bible

18. “The Monkey Trial” • The trial examines the battle over the teaching of evolution in public schools in America in 1925. The trial itself was a series of conflicts, the most obvious one being • science (evolution) vs. religion or • fundamentalists vs. modernists or • ignorance vs. wisdom

19. Legendary criminal defense lawyer Clarence Darrow is pitted against (相斗，抗衡）famous Christian fundamentalist William Jennings Bryan. Darrow’ s defense, and particularly his cross-examination of William J. Bryan, who spoke for the biblical, antiscientific, fundamentalist side, served to discredit(羞辱;诽谤) religious fundamentalism and won national attention. This historic trial focuses Americans' attention on freedom of speech, separation of church and state and brings to the surface issues that are still hotly debated today.

20. The courthouse in which the trial was held

21. Introduction to the counsel for the prosecution and the counsel for the defendant.

22. Counsel for the prosecution （起诉人） • William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925): American leader, editor and popular lecturer; silver-tongued orator; leader of the fundamentalist movement; aging and paunchy. • three times a nominee for the presidency of the US.; Secretary of State (1901-1913). Just before his death (1925), Bryan was figured as one of the prosecuting attorneys and a state's witness against the teaching of Darwinian evolution in the famed Scopes trial held at Dayton, Tennessee. • Tom Stewart : Tennessee's brilliant young attorney-general • his son :( also a lawyer)

23. Counsel for the defendant(被告） • Clarence Darrow: (1857-1938) American famous criminal lawyer; 68; shrewd; agnostic；He acted professionally in many cases against monopolies or on the side of labor; he pleaded for the Negro defendants in the Scottsboro trial (1932). • Dudley Field Malone: (1882-1954) American lawyer; 43; handsome and magnetic; Catholic; He was city attorney at New York (1909) and became third assistant secretary of state in 1913. Malone, known widely as an exponent of liberal ideas, was a member of the defense legal staff at the Scopes trial in Tennessee. • Arthur Garfield Hays: (1881-?) American lawyer; quiet; scholarly and steeped in the law; Jew; notable as counsel in civil liberties cases.

24. Counsel for the defendant Counsel for the prosecution Clarence Darrow William J. Bryan Dudley F. Malone Arthur G. Hays Tom Stewart his son

25. Clarence Darrow

27. “斯科普斯审判案” “猿猴审判案”

28. “Don’t worry , son. We’ll show them a few tricks.”

29. The verdict was guilty. I was fined $100 and costs. Victorious defeat

30. John Scopes • Who was John Scopes? What happened to him? • He was a science teacher in a high school of Dayton, Tennessee. His name became synonymous with the teaching of evolution in American schools. • He was accused of breaking the law by teaching evolution. He was the defendant ( a person who is accused of breaking the law 被告) in this case.

31. As the last surviving principal of the famous Tennessee “Monkey Trial” of 1925, he decided to write a story describing the details of the trial, which is popularly known as the “Monkey Trial” . • A filmcalledInherit the Wind( ‘风的传播’）was made of the trial, with much of the dialogue coming directly from the transcripts of the court proceedings. This story also draws on the actual transcripts. He died in 1979.

32. The author: John Scopes

33. Discourse Analysis • What type of writing is the passage? • --- A piece of Narration. • In what order is the story told? • --- In the way of flashback. The writer first describes the scene of the trial, then turns back to tell us the story from the beginning. • What do you think is the purpose of the article? • --- It is intended to draw the world’s attention to the theory of evolution and persuade people not to be stubbornly hostile to science.

34. Structure • Part 1: (Para.1-9 ) the setting of the trial • Part 2: (Para.10-46) the process of the trial • Day 1: (Para.10-15)preliminary fight • Day 2: (Para.16-43) calling witnesses Climax of the trial: Darrow's trick to trap Bryan. • Day 3: (Para.44-46)verdict: guilty, $100 fine and costs. (“Victorious defeat”) • Part 3: (Para.47-48) the ending (the effect the trial brought and the changes in the town)

35. Rhetorical Devices • Metonymy • Simile • Pun • Oxymoron • Irony • Ridicule • Sarcasm • Metaphor • Hyperbole • Transferred epithet • Antithesis • Assonance • Repetition • Synecdoche

36. Irony(反语） • a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. • The use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal meaning. 反语用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法 • An expression or utterance marked by a deliberate contrast between apparent and intended meaning. 反语句以表面含义与实际含义相反为特征的表达或措词

37. A literary style employing such contrasts for humorous or rhetorical effect. • 反语一种文学风格, 使用这类对比以达到幽默或修辞的效果 • e.g. marching backwards to the glorious age of the 16th century • Hiroshima---the liveliest city in the world. • He was such a marvelous teacher that whenever he recognized a spark of genius you could be sure he’d water it. • (他真是个了不起的人，只要他发现了一点天才的火花，你就可以相信他一定会把它浇灭。)

38. Ridicule (嘲弄） • unkind descriptions that are intended to make someone or something seem stupid • Example: Bryan, ageing and paunchy

39. Sarcasm（讽刺） • a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting (嘲弄,奚落) and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. • A cutting, often ironic remark intended to wound. 讽刺挖苦意在伤害他人的尖刻的、常带讽刺意味的话语

40. A form of wit that is marked by the use of sarcastic language and is intended to make its victim the butt of contempt or ridicule. • 讥讽一种措辞巧妙的话语，以运用讽刺性语言为特征，意在使被讥讽者成为被人蔑视或讽刺的对象． • For example, • Laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through. • There is some doubt about that.

41. Sarcasm, Ridicule & Irony • Irony is a subtle form of humour which involves saying things that you do not mean. • If you ridicule someone or ridicule their ideas or beliefs, you make fun of them in an unkind way. • Sarcasm is usually intended to mock or insult someone.

42. Transferred epithet (转类形容词） • It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify to another to which it does not really apply or belong. • Or: A figure of speech in which the epithet is transferred from appropriate noun to modify another to which it does not really belong. • 把本应该用来描述甲事物状态的定语去形容乙事物，而乙事物却根本不具备这种性质或功能。(转移描述词; 移就修辞格） • E.g. Darrow had whisper throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder.

43. an easy writer（作品通俗易懂的作家）＝a writer whose works read easy • I spent sleepless nights on my project. • Two high points of color appeared in the paleness of the Duchess of Croydon’s cheeks. (two points of high colour --- high colour 指红晕) • “Thank you,” he said as the three of them shared a lingering hug. • “谢谢你们。”　他说道，这三个人久久地拥抱在一起。

44. He must be doing some cold calculating just now. • 刚才他肯定是在冷静地计算着。 • I have been exhilarated by two days of storms, but above all I love these long purposeless days in which I shed all that I have ever been. (V. Sackville-West, No Signposts in the Sea) • 持续了两天的暴风雨使我欣喜若狂，我爱这漫长无所事事的日子胜过一切，在这些日子里，我抛弃了我过去的一切。

45. Paraphrase: On that hot July day of 1925 the court teemed with people who had come to watch the trial. As I went to my seat, the audience began to whisper excitedly in low voices. • (Suspense) The trial is concerned with the origin of man and the result will effect the whole country, or even the world. Therefore it receives much attention.

46. counsel: a group of one or more lawyers (barristers) acting for someone in a court of law 出庭律师（团） • cf: council: a group of people appointed or elected to make laws, rules, or decisions委员会,理事会 • prosecution: the act of bringing a criminal charge against sb. in a court of law　起诉；控告

47. silver-tongued: (lit.) able to give fine persuading speeches, eloquent　能言善辩的 • a silver tongue　能言善辩的人； • silver wedding(婚后二十五周年的)　银婚 • Speech is silver, but silence is gold.（沉默是金） • orator: a good public speaker, a person who delivers an oration (formal and solemn public speeches) 　演说者, 演讲者, 雄辩家

48. Republican Party(symbol: elephant) • Democratic Party(symbol: donkey) • nominee: a person who has been nominated, who has been named officially for election to a position, office, honor, etc. • a Nobel Prize nominee • a presidential nominee

49. fundamentalism （原教旨主义） • fundamentalist movement (原教旨主义运动): • Conservative religious movement that arose among members of various Protestant（新教） denominations（命名） early in the 20th century in strong opposition to modern scientific tendency. Its aim is to maintain traditional interpretations of the Bible and what believed to be the fundamental doctrines of the Christian faith. Nowadays this word can apply to other religions.

50. bring about: cause 带来;引起 • e.g. Scientists have brought about great changes in our lives. • Why does the author say the movement had brought about his trial? • --- It was the fundamentalist movement that made the trial necessary, because it was this movement that had created the religious atmosphere that was responsible for the law which prohibited the teaching of evolution in public school, and it was the existence of that law which made it necessary to hold a trial to challenge the law.