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Foundations Period: 10,000 BCE- 600 CE

Foundations Period: 10,000 BCE- 600 CE. Foundations: 3 Major Themes. • Man vs. Nature. - Interaction? Role of geography? Attempts to measure/control?. - Change from survival (physical needs) to internal peace (spiritual needs). • Civilizations. - Patterns, developments.

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Foundations Period: 10,000 BCE- 600 CE

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  1. Foundations Period:10,000 BCE- 600 CE

  2. Foundations: 3 Major Themes • Man vs. Nature - Interaction? Role of geography? Attempts to measure/control? - Change from survival (physical needs) to internal peace (spiritual needs) • Civilizations - Patterns, developments - Rise-fall of empires: why? consequences? • Sources of Change - Trade - Conquest - Invention, innovation, adaptation; iron, wheel

  3. Society Types Foraging Pastoral Social Nomadic Nomadic - temporary homes Egalitarian nature Sparse Population Leaders based on age, strength, Men are herders/males dominated courage, intelligence Political Organized in small clans- 20-30 Organized into large Bands Led by strongest male Split into blood/clans- rivalries developed Organized hunts Had military/warriors Religious Belief in afterlife. Buried dead with Worship gods of storm, war tools and weapons Intellectual Limited language Respect for family, courage Sculptures, pictograms, cave Domestication of animals - subject matter paintings for art, hides for clothing and shelter Technological Daggers, spears, hammers, bow Fire is sacred, chariots were developed and arrow, fire, digging sticks Economic Hunters and gatherers Little surplus of goods except cattle - split as size of clans grew Few possessions Limited personal belongings

  4. 2,500,000BCE –10,000BCE 1. Hunting and gathering: Small bands of 20-30people. Gender equality because both contributed to survival 2. Mostly Nomadic but some Permanentsettlements were established in areas withabundant food resources (grains, fish). 3. Neanderthal Man: First fully modern humanbeings-physically and mentally. Belief in afterlife, buried dead 4. Cro-Magnon man: Interested in fashion and art.Humansduringthisperiodfoundshelterincaves. Cavepaintingswereleftbehind.

  5. 8000-3000 BCE 1. Food surplus lead to population boom 2. Permanent settlements and communities develop. Idea of private property 3. Development on farming technology, art,architecture, language, job specialization, irrigation, etc. 4. Development of cities.

  6. Advanced Advanced Technlogy ities Specialized Workers/Soial Classes Artand ArchitectureRecord- Complex Institutions: GovernmentPublic Works Keeping Economic Systems Organized religion

  7. Mesopotamia:“TheCradleofCivilization” “FertileCrescent”andlackofnaturalbarriersallowedmanygroupstocontrolthisvaluablearea.

  8. SumerianCity-States 3000B.C.E. •Successful agriculture, irrigationsystems •Writing, cuneiforms •Use of wheel •12 month calendar •Polytheistic •Polytheistic: The Gods wereAnthropomorphic. ƒCity-State:Urbanareasthatcontrolledsurroundingregionsandlooselyconnectedwithothercity-states:Ur,Uruk,Eridu,Lagash,Babylon,Kish ƒDevelopedorganizedprojects:irrigationsystems,palaces,ziggurats, defensivewalls,temples

  9. TheBabylonianEmpires Hammurabi,theJudge • “King of the four quarters of the world” • Centralized bureaucratic government • System of taxation • First written code of laws BabylonianAchievements Mathematics Babylonian 12Month Numbers Calendar

  10. TheHittites TheAssyrians •Centralizedbureaucraticgovernment. •Learned to extract iron fromore and were the •Built militaryroads to movetroops quickly. first to make tools and weapons of iron. •Founded first ThePhoenicians libraries. •Best known for manufacturing and trade TheHebrews •“Carriers ofCivilization” •Belief in Judaism, first monotheistic faith •Created first alphabet • Ten commandments

  11. Traders,Invaders,andEmpireBuilders? TheSumeriansTheBabylonians EmpireBuilders TheHittites Traders Invaders Assyrians Phoenicians Hebrews EmpireBuilders Invaders Traders

  12. Walk Like an Egyptian •Rich soil, gentle annual flooding • Led by Pharaoh - leader with totalpower •water management, pyramids,astronomy, hieroglyphs,mummification, calendar, gold •Polytheistic •Women rulers, buy, sell property,inherit, will property, dissolvemarriages, still subservient to men • Hierarchy: pharaoh, priest, nobles,merchants, artisans, peasants, slaves •Conquered by (1100 BCE)

  13. China: Shang on the Huang Shang: 1700-1100 BCE • Stable agri-surplus, trade-centered • N. China, walled cities, strong army,chariots • “The Middle Kingdom” World View • Bronze, pottery, silk, decimalsystem, calendar • Patriarchal, polytheistic, ancestorveneration, oracle bones • Aristocrats and bureaucrats directed the work and life of the Shang. • Warfare a constant feature. • Most commoners worked as semi free serfs in agriculture. Otherswere artisans, craftsmen.

  14. It’s Zhou Time! • Replaced Shang around 1100 BCE • Ruled 900 years, kept customs, traditions • Mandate of Heaven • Feudal system, nobles gained, bureaucracies, war amongst feudal kingdoms, collapse 256 BCE Established early forms of feudalism in which the King gave large tracts of land to loyal leaders who became lords. These lords providedthe king with military forces in exchange for the land.

  15. Indus Valley: 3300 - 1700 B.C.E. TheHarappanCivilization • Outside contact more limited - moutains • Kyber Pass connection to outside • Twin Cities of Harrappa, Mohenjo-Daro • Master-planned, water system, strong central gov’t, polytheistic, writtenlanguage • Pottery, cotton, cloth • Cities abandoned, reason unknown • Aryans arrive 1500 BCE

  16. Aryans:TheVedicAge:1500-500B.C.E.. • From Caucasus Mtns. Black/Caspian Sea BrahminsKshatriyas • Nomads who settled • Vedas, Upanashads basis for Hinduism • Caste system • warriors, priests, peasants Vaishyas • later re-ordered: Brahmins (priests), warriors,landowners-merchants,peasants, untouchables(out castes) Shudras Pariahs[Harijan]Æ Untouchables

  17. CivilizationintheAmericas • Olmecs (Mexico), Mayans (Mexico/Guatemala), and Chavin Cult(Andes) developed similarly to RiverValley Civilizations: urbanization,polytheistic, irrigation, writing,calendar, monumental buildings, socialstructure, city-states. • The point: Similar pattern of development in different part of earth,no contact • The difference: No major river. Had to adapt to rainforest and mountains.

  18. Confucianism Beliefs, Practices, Holy Books Significance China Founded by Confucius (Kong Fu Tse)500 B.C.E.Political-social philosophy, not religion As a ethical, social,political belief system itwas compatible withother religions, couldpractice Buddhism andConfucianism Spread to Moral, ethical, also practical - The Analects Japan, Five Right relationships = right society: Parent to S.E. Asia Child (Filial Piety), Ruler to Subject, Older to Younger, Husband to Wife, Friend to Friend.Education is valuable and everyone should be ableto get one. Become a gentleman. Embraced by Han, Tang,Song, Ming Dynasties.Civil Service Exam Put aside personal ambition for good of state

  19. Daoism-Taoism Beliefs, Practices, Holy Books Significance Founded by Lao-tzu, philosopherDao = “The Way” (of nature/cosmos) Self-sufficient communitiesCounter to Confucian activism China 500 Wu wei- non-doing, harmony with natureEternal principles, passive, yielding. B.C.E. Emphasis on harmony w/ natureleads gains: astronomy, botany,chemistry Like water, yet strong, shaping.Yin-Yang - symbol of balance in nature Co-existed w/Confucianism,Buddhism, Legalism Added to complexity of Chineseculture

  20. Legalsim Beliefs, Practices, Holy Books Significance Accomplished swiftreunification of China.Completion of projectslike the Great Wall.Caused widespreadresentment among China Founded by Han Feizi 500 The Q’in Dynasty- Shi Huangdi B.C.E. Peace & order through centralized, tightly controlledstate Mistrust of human nature; reliance on tough lawsPunish those who break laws, reward those whofollow common people, led towider acceptance ofConfucianism-Daoism. 2 most worthy jobs: farmer, soldier

  21. Contrast: Confucianism-Daoism-Legalism • Confucianism - creating orderly society - active relationships, active gov’t • Legalism - To guide relationships - Social belief systems, not religions - People are fundamentally good - Intended to create orderly society - Legalism-fundamental evil - Harsh punishments • Daoism - harmony with nature, internal peace - Simple, passive life - Little gov’t interference– To guide individual in meditation

  22. Geography of China

  23. Geography of India

  24. Geography of Egypt

  25. Geography of Mesopotamia

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