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Sections 2.1 and 2.2

Sections 2.1 and 2.2. By: Brianna Faulkner Kelsey Gibson Matt Lacroix. Summary. Matter is the basis of all living things, everything is made up of matter Out of the 92 natural occurring elements 25 are essential to life

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Sections 2.1 and 2.2

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  1. Sections 2.1 and 2.2 By: Brianna Faulkner Kelsey Gibson Matt Lacroix

  2. Summary • Matter is the basis of all living things, everything is made up of matter • Out of the 92 natural occurring elements 25 are essential to life • Atoms and their structures are what determine the properties of elements • Protons, neutrons, and electrons are the three most important subatomic particles • Electrons are directly involved in chemical reactions because the nuclei are not close enough to interact

  3. Clarify • Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into other substances (pg.33) • Compounds are substances of two or more different elements combined at a fixed ratio (pg.33) • Atoms are the smallest units of matter that still retain properties of elements (pg.34) • Atomic nuclei are made up of neutral charged neutrons and positive charged protons (pg.34) • Isotopes are atoms of the same element but have different numbers of neutrons (pg.35) • Electron shells are used to describe the distance of the electrons in that shell from the nucleus and their level of potential energy (pg.36) • Valence electrons are electrons in the outermost shell or valence shell (pg.38) • The three dimensional space where an electron is estimated to be is called an orbital (pg.38)

  4. Predictions • Elements and atoms will play a big part throughout the rest of the year because they are the basis of everything • Electron shells and their corresponding energy levels play a big part in chapter 8, which talks about metabolism • In chapter 9 you learn about the transportation of electrons in cellular respiration • Isotopes become important for radioactive testing, which is talked about in chapter 26 • Nuclei make up a huge part of the genes in eukaryotic cells in chapter 6 • The nucleus is also essential in mitosis which we learn about in chapter 12

  5. Questions • How many electrons can there be at most in the valence electron shell and can you give an example of an element with that many in its shell? • If you combine hydrogen and chlorine how many total electrons does that molecule contain? • What are the three components of an atom? • How many protons are in an element with 14 electrons? • Name three types of elements?

  6. Model of a helium atom The helium atom has two neutrons and two protons in the nucleus and two electrons. The electron cloud in reality is much larger than shown in the model.

  7. Electron Orbitals The three dimensional images in the top half represent the volumes of space where electrons are most likely to be found. The bottom images show the corresponding electron shell diagrams.

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