Review for the keystone exam

1. You will need to understand all of the concepts presented. Review for the keystone exam

2. Why should you pass this the first time around? • Because remediation is worse than this…

3. 2 types of cells… • ProkaryotesEukaryotes • -no nucleus - have a nucleus • No membrane -have membrane Bound organelles organelles BACTERIA ONLY Everything other than bacteria

4. What do they have in common? • Plasma membrane (cell membrane) • Cytoplasm • DNA – genetic material • Ribosomes- make protein

5. What do alveoli do for the lungs?

6. States of matter for water • Most dense – liquid (water) • Middle density – ice (solid) • Least dense- water vapor (gas)

7. In a Lake….

8. Carbon

9. Hydrolysis- adding water to split

10. Dehydration Synthesis- removing water to connect

11. Enzymes! • They are proteins • They speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions • They are not consumed or affected in the reaction • They have an active site where the substrate bonds

12. What affects the rate of enzyme activity? • Temperature • Higher temps speed up reactions • Lower temps slow down reactions • pH • Each enzyme has a specific pH at which is operates best.

13. pH- Scale

14. Chloroplast • A green organelle found within plant cells • Site of photosynthesis – converting light energy into chemical energy

16. Cellular Respiration

19. Cellular Energy - ATP!!

20. Transport- passive • Movement of molecules through a cell membrane. • Without using energy- they will move from high concentration to low • Thus they are moving WITH the concentration gradient .

21. Transport- Active • Movement across a membrane from low concentration to high concentration. • Requires ATP (energy)

22. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • Organelle within eukaryotic cells. • Has ribosomes attached that make proteins for the cell.

23. Golgi Apparatus • An organelle in eukaryotic cells • Packages and processes cellular products

24. What is homeostasis? • Processes an organism uses to regulate its internal environment. • Example- when you are hot you sweat, when you are cold you shiver.

25. Mitosis • Division of the nucleus of a body (somatic) cell • Cloning of the cell- NO change to the DNA • One division

27. Meiosis • Division of the nucleus of sex cells • Creates sperm and egg • Genetic variation arises through this process • There are 2 divisions in meiosis • You start with one cell and end up with 4

29. 21. Punnet Squares • Draw a punnet square

30. 22. Chromosome Variation • Deletion: genes are completely deleted • Insertion: Genes are added • Inversion: Flipping of genes • Translocation: Genes move from one chromosome to the next

31. 23. Pro vs. Eu • ProkaryotesEukaryotes • no nucleus - have a nucleus • No membrane -have membrane Bound organelles organelles BACTERIA ONLY Everything other than bacteria

32. 24. Endoplasmic Reticulum • The rough endoplasmic reticulum manufactures membranes and secretory proteins • Go through and cross off incorrect answers.

33. 25. DNA and Phenotypes

34. 26. Genetics • Cross out incorrect answers • Genetic variation and diversity good • Unplanned ecosystem interactions is the answer

35. 27. Natural Selection • Natural Selection • Mechanism of Evolution • Organisms with “bad” genes won’t make it to reproduction age while organisms with “good” genes will reproduce more • Cross off incorrect answers

36. DNA