Ch 37 Vocab

1. Ch 37 Vocab

2. Key Terms and People Mohandas Ghandi- Member of the Indian National Congress. Perhaps the most important person in Indian Independence (you know about him from a previous chapter). Jawaharial Nehru- an ally of Ghandi, also part of the I.N.C. Muhammad Ali Jinnah- Member of the All India Muslim League. Called for the creation of Pakistan out of fears that oppression by the British would be replaced by oppression by Hindus. Communalism- Ali Jinnah’s fear. An ideology where religious identity is promoted over national identity, which would undermine hopes for a united Indian nation Nonaligned Movement- formed in the Bandung conference where developing nations sought a “third path” to picking a side in the Cold War. Ho Chi Minh- Vietnamese nationalist/communist who modeled the Vietnamese Declaration of Independence on the American DOI and led the North Vietnamese Army in wars against the French, and later, the Americans

3. Key Terms and People Ngo Dinh Diem- Leader of the US backed government in South Vietnam Paris Peace Accords (1973)- Ended the US phase of the Vietnam war. South Vietnam fell shortly afterward Balfour Doctrine of 1917- Earliest document indicating British support for a Jewish homeland. Remember Zionism? Modern nation of Israel – established in 1948 in the former British mandate of Palestine with support from the US and UK. This angered much of the Arab/Muslim middle east…especially the Palestinians. Gamal Abdel Nasser- Egyptian who sought to become a leader in “Pan-Arab nationalism.” Led Egypt in the “Suez Crisis” Where Egypt wanted to have complete control of the Suez Canal, and fought against the British, French, and Israel to obtain it. While defeated militarily, Nasser won the diplomatic fight as support from both the US and USSR caused the other nations to relent.

4. Key Terms and People Negritude movement – celebrated Africa’s great poets, writers, traditions and cultures. Led by the Pan-African movement as a grassroots, anti-imperialism movement. Ghana- First of the sub-Saharan African nations to achieve independence (1957) Jomo Kenyatta- Kenyan nationalist who called for Independence. Mau Mau uprising – violent uprising in Kenya against British coffee planters. The Mau Mau were labled as communists and the uprising was squashed. However, international pressure caused the British to grant Kenya independence in 1963 1960: The Year of Africa – Many African nations gained their independence in 1960

5. Key Terms and People Mao Zedong- Communist leader of the People’s Republic of China Great Leap Forward- Mao’s disastrous attempt in increase industrial and agricultural production by abolishing all private property and communalizing all farming and industry. Around 20 Million Chinese died of starvation and malnourishment. The Cultural Revolution/The Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution- was Mao’s attempt to reignite revolutionary spirit and root out people who were not supportive of the revolution. Cost 7 Million lives, most of whom were China’s intellectual elite. Deng Xiaping- Mao’s successor. Opened up relations with the West. Sent thousands of Chinese students to universities to rebuild China’s intellectual elite. These students were also exposed to democratic traditions and staged the Tiananmen Square demonstrations in 1989 and were Crushed by Deng.

7. Key Terms and People Indira Gandhi – Nehru’s daughter. India’s second prime minister. India was facing problems with food production, over-population, and sectarian conflicts. To combat overpopulation, Gandhi pushed forced sterilization which led to riots and Gandhi losing favor with the public Arab-Israeli War & the Yom Kippur War- Wars won by Israel against Egype and Syria. Expanded Israel and led to increased tensions between Arabs and Israelis, but also peace treaties between Israel and Egypt. Anwar Sadat- Egyptan leader who signed the affirmationed treaties and was assassinated by opponents to his policies Yasser Arafat- Palestinian nationalist who started the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Was initially viewed as a terrorist organization. Yizhak Rabin- agreements between Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Yizhak Rabin furthered the cause of Palestinian self-rule. Rabin’s assassination by the Jewish extremist altered that process.

8. Key Terms and People Islamism- Islam as a political philosophy. Jihad- struggle in the way of God. This could be an internal struggle to live a Holy life, but the type of Jihad most familiar to westerners tends to be Holy War. Extremists use Jihad as a way to justify terrorism. 1979 Iranian Revolution- overthrew the U.S. backed Shah (king) in install a Islamist Theocracy led by a religious leader, the Ayatollah Khomeini. Iran-Iraq War- started by Iraq’s leader Saddam Hussein (with US support) against the newly theocratic Iran. Gulf War- The US led war against Iraq (Saddam Hussein) to stop their expansion into Kuwait in 1991. Nationalistic Populism- the ideology of Argentine dictator Juan Peron which called for industrialization, support for the working class, and protection of the economy from foreign control.

9. Key Terms and People Contras- Anticommunist rebels who fought against the Nicaraguan government with the support of the US government. Apartheid- The legal separateness of the races in South Africa. That was instituted by the Afrikaner National Party and was used to suppress black South Africans for most of the 20th century. Nelson Mandela- A central figure in South African History who fought against apartheid for equal rights. He was jailed, released after 27 years, and became South Africa’s first black president in 1994. African National Congress- The organization Mandela belonged to which fought for the freedoms of Africans from white controlled governments.