1 / 24

Migration and Development – Changing Paradigms : The Turkish case

Migration and Development – Changing Paradigms : The Turkish case. Prof. Dr. Ahmet Icduygu MiReKoc, Migration Research Program Department of International Relations Koç University, Istanbul Migration and Development: A Euro-Mediterranean Perspective

adeola
Download Presentation

Migration and Development – Changing Paradigms : The Turkish case

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Migration and Development – Changing Paradigms:The Turkish case Prof. Dr.Ahmet Icduygu MiReKoc, Migration Research Program Department of International Relations Koç University, Istanbul Migration and Development: A Euro-Mediterranean Perspective organised by the Hellenic Migration Policy Institute (IMEPO) and the OECD Development Centre Rhodes, Greece, on 26-27 April 2007

  2. Causes and Consequences of Emigration • Causes of Emigration • Economic hardship • Social / political / cultural hardship • Consequences of Emigration - easing • Economic hardship • Social / political / cultural hardship

  3. What is Development? • Consequences of Emigration - Easing / Improvement • Economic hardship • Social / political / cultural hardship • Economic aspects • Social aspects • Political aspects • Cultural aspects

  4. History of Turkish Emigration Four Distinct Periods in Turkish Emigration • 1961 – 1974 : Massive labor migration to Western Europe • 1974 – 1980 : Decline of labor migration to Western Europe and the beginning of labor emigration to Arab countries • 1980s + : Labor flows to Arab countries + migration to Europe • 1990s + : Labour migration to the CIS countries + Labor flows to Arab countries + migration to Europe.

  5. History of Turkish Emigration Emigration to Europe (1961-2006) • 1961 – 1975 : Labor Migration • 1975 - present : + Family Reunification and Marriage Migration • 1980 - present : + Clandestine Migration and Asylum Seeking

  6. Turkish Labor Migration by Destination, 1961-2005 Host Countries 1961-1974 1975-1980 1981-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 Total # % # % # % # % # % # % # % Europe 2.8 790017 97.5 13426 12.8 2612 0.6 9647 10465 9.3 16561 9.1 842728 42.4 Arab Countries 2441 0.3 74181 70.6 423208 97.7 32195 28.5 57974 31.9 798273 40.2 208274 60.4 0.4 5806 0.7 2647 2.5 2478 0.6 1324 515 0.5 176 0.1 12946 0.7 Australia CIS Countries - - - 115 0.0 65521 58.0 89623 49.3 155259 7.8 Others 36.3 12235 1.5 14792 14.1 4875 1.1 125238 4256 3.8 17533 9.6 178929 9.0 Total 100 810499 100 105046 100 433173 344598 100 112952 100 181867 100 1988135 100

  7. TurkishEmigration by Destination, 1961-2005

  8. Turkish Asylum-Seekers by Destination, 1981-2005 Destination 1981-1985 1986-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 1981-2005 # % # % # % # % # % # % Europe 45620 185797 175557 98.6 141226 97.9 107534 97.2 655734 98.7 Canada 755 0.4 1919 1.3 2451 2.2 5125 0.8 Australia 780 0.4 928 0.6 332 0.3 2040 0.3 USA 984 0.6 199 0.1 330 0.3 1513 0.2 Total 178076 100.0 144272 100.0 110647 100.0 664412 100.0

  9. Economic and Social Consequences of Turkish Emigration: Gaining from Emigration Emigration in Turkey results in a mixture of benefits and costs. • Economicconsequences • Socio-political and cultural consequences

  10. Economic Consequences Two basic approaches: Optimistic: the “balanced growth” (equilibrium) model • a positive impact and an increase in the national balance of trade domestic investment, and economic growth. Pessimistic:the “asymmetric growth” (conflict) model • the displacement of labourto industrialized countries distorts and slows down the development in the migrants’ areas of origin.

  11. Economic Consequences • The beneficial effects of workers’ remittances • The role of the remittances in the perennial foreign-exchange crisis • The investments made by migrants – limited • the maintenance of the family left behind and investment in equipment, building, car etc. • a positive impact on household welfare • improvements in the living conditions of migrants

  12. Economic Consequences • The reduction in unemployment and underemployment • helped to reduce unemployment pressures in Turkey. • The acquisition of skills and the process of return migration • State: skills failed to match Turkey’s need in human resources • Individual: the same mismatch engenders personal disillusionment.

  13. Gaining from Emigration: Economic Consequences • State activities to channel remittance savings to maximize economic growth • Workers’ joint stock companies • Village Development Cooperatives • State Industry and Workers’ Investment Bank in 1975

  14. Remittance Inflows, Exports, and Imports in Turkish Economy, 1964-1985 Remittance Exports Imports (x Million (x Million Remittance as % of Remittance as % Year (x Million USD) USD) USD) Trade Deficit of GNP 6,3 0,1 1964 8 411 537 0,6 1965 69.8 464 572 64,6 0,8 1966 115.3 490 718 50,6 0,6 1967 93 523 685 57,4 0,6 1968 107.3 496 764 40 0,7 1969 140.6 537 801 53,3 1,5 1970 273 588 948 75,8 2,7 1971 471.4 677 1171 95,4 3,3 1972 740 885 1563 109,1 4,1 1973 1183 1317 2086 153,8 3,6 1974 1425 1532 3777 63,5 2,7 1975 1313 1401 4738 39,3 31 1,8 1976 982 1960 5129 23 1,5 1977 930 1753 5797 42,5 1,4 1978 983 2288 4599 60,3 2,2 1979 1694 2261 5069 41,4 3 1980 2071 2910 7909 58,9 3,4 1981 2490 4703 8933 69,1 3,2 1982 2140 5746 8843 43,1 2,4 1983 1513 5728 9235 49,9 3 1984 1807 7134 10757 55,5 2,5 1985 1714 8255 11344

  15. Remittance Inflows, Exports, and Imports in Turkish Economy, 1985-2004 Remittance as Remittance Exports Imports Remittance as % of % of GNP (x Million (x Million (x Million Trade USD) USD) USD) Deficit Year 55,5 2,5 1985 1714 8255 11344 44,8 2,1 1986 1634 7457 11105 25,7 1,2 1987 1021 10190 14158 66,4 2 1988 1776 11662 14335 107,3 2,8 1989 3040 12960 15792 37,4 1990 3243 13626 22302 2,2 38,3 1991 2819 13672 21038 1,9 37,7 1992 3008 14891 22872 1,9 21,1 1993 2919 15610 29428 1,6 53,8 1994 2627 18390 23270 2 24,2 1995 3327 21975 35709 2 31,7 1996 3542 32446 43627 1,9 26,3 1997 4197 32647 48599 2,2 36,4 1998 5356 31220 45922 2,6 39,9 1999 4529 29325 40671 2,5 19,7 2000 4560 31375 54503 2,3 43,5 2001 2786 35000 41399 1,9 12,3 2002 1936 35753 51554 1,1 7,7 2003 1710 47068 69340 0,7 2,3 2004 804 63121 97540 0,2

  16. Remittance Inflows in Turkish Economy in Million USD, 1964-2004

  17. Remittances as % of GNP, 1964-2004

  18. Gaining from Migration: Social Consequences Emigration is an important source for social change • Changes in generation and gender relationships • The changing status of women • The positive impact on the roles and relationships of parents and children • The improvement of the migrants’ quality of life

  19. Gaining from Migration: Socio-political Consequences Socio-political changes • More respect for human rights and democracy • Dual citizenship rights, the changing status of military service for emigrants

  20. UnintendedConsequences of the Turkish Emigration • Cultural-revivalist tendencies among the Turkish migrants abroad – Muslim fundamentalism and Kurdish nationalism • Problems related to return migration and second-generation returnees – Reintegration and adoptation problems • The decrease in the population growth but increase in east-to-west and rural-to-urban migration

  21. Concluding Remarks Changing Paradigms of Migration and Development 1960-1980: Statism • Import-substitution • State intervention • Protectionism Remittances: more important Economic consequences: more important 1980-onwards: Liberalism • Free trade • Stock exchange Remittances: less important (growing importance of FDI) Social/political/cultural consequences: more important

  22. Thank You

More Related