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Princeton Review

Princeton Review. AP World History May 17, 2007. The Ancient Stuff Around 8000 BCE to Around 600 CE. The Big Picture. What are civilizations all about? How does change occur within a society? How are people impacted by, and how do they impact, geography and climate?. Nomads.

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Princeton Review

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  1. Princeton Review AP World History May 17, 2007

  2. The Ancient StuffAround 8000 BCE to Around600 CE

  3. The Big Picture • What are civilizations all about? • How does change occur within a society? • How are people impacted by, and how do they impact, geography and climate?

  4. Nomads • Why was the development of more stable civilizations so significant? • Language • Fire • Simple stone tools • Foraging Societies – hunter-gatherer • Pastoral Societies – domestication of animals

  5. Neolithic Revolution (Agricultural Revolution) • Nomads start staying in the same place • Becomes “their” home • Food surplus – specialized labor • Beginnings of “civilization” • Dramatically impacted environment

  6. Technology • Use of animals • Wheels, sails, baskets • Use of Metals (Bronze Age) – later part of Neolithic Revolution

  7. Civilizations • Rivers – fertile soil • Social, Political and Economic developments • City States – loosely connected • Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China and the Americas

  8. Mesopotamia – “Land between Rivers” (Tigris/Euphrates) • Sumer, Babylon, Persia • Unpredictable flooding

  9. Sumer • Developed cuneiform – form of writing; spread through trade routes to other regions • Wheel, 12 month calendar, math system based on sixty, geometry • Polytheistic – Ziggurats (temples for their gods) • When disaster struck, the gods were unhappy

  10. Babylon • Sumer declined; Akkad rose to dominate region – wrote first known code of laws in cuneiform. • Babylon overtook Akkad • King Hammurabi – Code of Hammurabi

  11. Babylon fell to Kassites and then Hittites – used iron weapons • Assyria – capital Ninevah; learned use of iron weapons from Hittites; cruel; sent large groups of people into exile (cultural diffusion) • Medes and Chaldeans defeat Assyria; King Nebuchadnezzar rebuilds Babylon

  12. Persia Empire • Built road system – Great Royal Road • Within the Persian Empire: • Lydians – coined money • Phoenicians – established naval city-states; developed simple 22 letter alphabet (led to our system of letters) • Hebrews – Judaism; monotheistic; believed they were God’s chosen people

  13. Ancient Egypt • Nile River • Predictable flooding – followed stable agricultural process • Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom – height of power

  14. Pharaohs, hieroglyphics, astronomy, calendar • Trade – need a lot of supplies for huge building projects – brought them into contact with other civilizations • Polytheistic – belief in afterlife (pyramids)

  15. Queen Hatshepsut – first known female ruler • High status of women – more rights and opportunities than Mesopotamia women Peasants Pharaohs Priests Nobles Merchants/Artisans Slaves

  16. Egypt Decline: • Assyria invaded • Persia conquered • Later Greeks occupied Egypt • Became part of Roman Empire

  17. Indus Valley Civilization • Mountains limited contact with other civilizations (Khyber Pass) • Harappa and Mohenjo-Darro – carefully planned cities – strong central government • Polytheistic

  18. Cities were abandoned (don’t know why) • Aryans arrived to the area • Belief system (reincarnation) • Social structure (caste system) • Would be basis of Hinduism

  19. China • Shang • Isolated • Bronze, horse drawn chariots • Spoked wheel • Production of pottery and silk • Extended family – belief in dead ancestor spirits

  20. Zhou – longest lasting dynasty (900 yrs) • Mandate of Heaven • Feudal System – king granted land to nobles; eventually nobles became too powerful and built own kingdoms • Decline: fighting feudal kingdoms

  21. Mesoamerica and Andean South America • Developed independently from the other civilizations • Did not develop along rivers • Olmec (Mexico) • Corn, beans squash • Irrigation, large scale buildings, polytheistic, writing, calendar

  22. Chavin (Andes, S. America) • Access to coast; supplemented diet with seafood • Polytheistic, use of metal tools, used llamas

  23. West Africa • Bantu Migrations – the Bantu family of languages migrated South and East • Migrated due to climatic changes • Jenne-Jeno – first city in Sub-Sahara • Fishing settlement • A collection of individual communities

  24. Classical Civilizations

  25. India • Mauryan Empire • Chandragupta Maurya – unified the Aryan kingdoms • Ashoka Maurya – his grandson; take it to its height • Trade; powerful military • Ashoka converted to Buddhism • Rock and Pillar Edicts – live generous and righteous lives • Ashoka’s conversion to Buddhism enabled it to spread throughout SE Asia

  26. Gupta Empire • Mauryan Empire declined; Chandra Gupta revived it. • Decentralized; smaller empire • Mathematics: Pie and zero, Arabic numerals • Iron weapons • Hinduism once again dominant religion • Reinforced caste system • Women lost rights • Child marriages

  27. China • Qin Dynasty • Lasted less than a decade • Qin Shihuangdi – legalism • Recentralized feudal kingdoms; standardized laws; strict on dissent • Built Great Wall of China

  28. Han Dynasty • Trade thrived along silk road; carried culture • Buddhism spread • Civil service system – exam for highly educated government workers • Invented paper, sundials and calendars; broadened use of metals

  29. Greece • Trade thrived due to limited land resources • Collection of polis (city-states) • Athens – political, commercial and cultural center • Government changed from monarchy to aristocracy (Draco and Solon)

  30. Sparta – militaristic and agricultural • Society: • Citizens – adult males • Free people – no rights • Slaves – 1/3 of population – relied heavily on slaves • All citizens (adult males) were expected to participate in in civic decisions – lead to first democracy

  31. Polytheistic – mythology • Persian Wars – united Greece to fight mutual enemy • Pericles • Golden Age • Rebuilt Athens • Delian League – alliance of Greek city-states

  32. Philosophy – Socrates, Plato Aristotle • Comedies and tragedies • Homer – wrote The Iliad and The Odyssey • Ancient Greek accomplishments would be inspiration for European Renaissance and Enlightenment 2000 years later

  33. Decline of Athens • Peloponnesian War: Athens vs. Sparta; Sparta Wins • Macedonians – Philip conquered Greece, but allowed culture to flourish

  34. Alexander the Great • Defeats Persian Empire • Spreads Greek culture – Hellenism • 3 Empires: Antigonid (Greece and Macedon), Ptlomaic (Egypt), Seleucid (Bactria and Anatolia) • Focused on Ptlomaic – Alexandria; Hellenistic cultural city

  35. Rome • Polytheistic (Greek Origin) • Social Structure • Patricians/Plebeians • Twelve Tables of Rome (innocent until proven guilty) • Pater familias – eldest male • Slaves

  36. Roman Military • Carthage – city-state in N. Africa became enemies • Punic Wars – with Carthage • Hannibal • Rome became undisputed power in Mediterranean

  37. Collapse of Republic • 1st Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, Julius Caesar • Civil War between Caesar and the Senate; Caesar become emperor

  38. 2nd triumvirate: Octavius, Marc Antony, Lepidus • Octavius=Augustus Caesar; end of republic • Pax Romana

  39. Literature • Architecture (Pantheon, Coliseum, Forum) • Science • Ptolemy (Astronomy) • Roads and aqueducts

  40. Paganism – made sacrifices to gods • Christianity • Grew out of Judaism • Persecution • Constantine ended persecution • Edict of Milan – Christianity became official religion

  41. Empires Collapse • Han China • Would end up being divided into several regional kingdoms for 400 yrs • Gupta India • Invaded by Huns (culture survived)

  42. Roman Empire • Internal decay, bad leaders, size of empire • Diocletian splits empire into 2. • Constantine established new capital in the East (Byzantine) • Rome fell to Germanic invasions • East would survive (Byzantine Empire)

  43. Belief Systems • Polytheism • Confucianism • Daoism • Legalism • Hinduism • Buddhism • Judaism • Christianity

  44. Go Back to the Big Picture • 1. Civilizations • 2. Sources of Change • 3. Humans vs. Nature

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