Today’s Agenda

1. Today’s Agenda Pick up papers on the front desk. Bell-ringer: Cursive “h t p e l f” Lesson Andrew Jackson Nullification Crisis Indian Removal The Trail of Tears

3. Andrew Jackson:1776 - 1845

4. Andrew Jackson:Early Life and Career • Born in 1767 • Experiences in the Revolutionary War instilled hatred of the British • Career as a lawyer • TN congressman, senator, and Supreme Court justice • Cotton farmer and general store owner Illustration showing Jackson as a child getting wounded by a British soldier

5. Corrupt Bargain • Jackson likely won the popular vote • Accused Clay of backing Adams in return for secretary of state position • Little supporting evidence John Quincy Adams Henry Clay

6. Election of 1824 • Four Democratic-Republican candidates • Jackson, JQ Adams, Clay, Crawford • Jackson won the most electoral votes but not a majority • Election decided by the House, Clay supported Adams, who won A cartoon depicting the 1824 election as a foot race between the four candidates

7. Elections Results of 1824

8. John Quincy Adams • His land policies gave Westerners another reason to dislike him. • Attempted to curb speculation of public lands. • His opponent accused him of denying their individual rights and freedom to expand westward. • Supported the land rights of Native Americans against white settlers.

9. Andrew Jackson • To recreate the old Jeffersonian coalition of: • Northern farmers and artisans. • Southern slave owners. • Farmers with small land holdings. • Created the Democratic Party from the remains of Jefferson’s old party. • Created a national committee that oversaw local and state party units • A lot of mudslinging on both sides.

10. Election of 1828 Andrew Jackson • Democratic • War hero • Rags to Riches • Common Man • Hot tempered, crude, and ill equipped John Quincy Adams • Republican • Harvard-educated • Son of the 2nd President • “Cold as a lump of ice”

12. “Jacksonian Democracy” • Strict interpretation of Constitution • Hands-off approach to economy • “Spoils” (patronage) system • Manifest Destiny • Indian relocation • Increased suffrage for white men • President for the “common man”

13. The spoils system • Jackson replaced many long-serving officials • “Rotation in office” • Claimed government would better serve the people and uphold its ideals • Critic called this the “spoils system”; charged that is might install unqualified “cronies” of the president Cartoon depicting Jackson’s championing of the spoils system

14. The Tariff Issue “…[the tariff of 1828], with the whole system of legislation imposing duties on imports, — not for revenue, but the protection of one branch of industry at the expense of others — is unconstitutional, unequal, and oppressive, and calculated to corrupt the public virtue and destroy the liberty of the country.” —John C. Calhoun • Tariff of 1828 (“Tariff of Abomination”) • Jackson did not reduce tariff • Calhoun resigned as VP; argued against tariff as SC senator • Jackson’s compromise: Tariff of 1832 • 1832 tariff please only some Southerners

15. The Nullification Crisis • Calhoun: only states could judge the constitutionality of federal law • Nullification as an alternative to secession • Force Bill • Compromise Tariff of 1833 • Jackson lost much Southern support • Impetus for Whig Party John C. Calhoun

16. The second bank of the United States • Jackson handily reelected in 1832 • Had campaigned against the Second Back of the U.S. • Privately held bank where the federal government deposited its money • Jackson opposed to the bank for a variety of reasons Cartoon depicting Jackson fighting the Bank, shown here as a “many-headed monster”

17. The Second Bank of the United States (continued) • Jackson vetoed renewal of bank’s charter • Executive order ended federal deposits into Second Bank • Deposits instead went into state banks mainly owned by Jackson supporters • Second Bank failed Cartoon showing Jackson in a boxing match against Bank president Nicholas Biddle

18. The Whig Party • Formed over nullification crisis, closing of Second Bank of U.S. • Led by Clay and Webster • Positions: • Stronger Congress, less powerful executive • Modernization of economy • National Bank and higher tariffs • Contrasted sharply with Democrats’agrarian ideals

19. “King Andrew the First”

20. The Indian Removal Act • Jackson’s long history of fighting Native Americans • Southeastern Indian nations most affected • Some protested government treatment • Supreme Court decision in favor of Cherokee • Act passed in 1830 with Jackson’s support “The consequence of a speedy removal will be important to the United States, to individual States, and to the Indians themselves…It will place a dense and civilized population in large tracts of a country now occupied by a few savage hunters.” —Andrew Jackson on Indian removal

21. The Second Seminole War • Seminole reservation in Florida Territory • Slaves escaped to Seminole territory • Treaty of Payne’s Landing • Jackson sent army to forcibly remove the Seminole • Most expensive Indian War • Seminole surrendered in 1842 Painting depicting the burning of a Seminole village by U.S. troops

22. Jackson saw Indian Removal as an opportunity to provide for the needs of the white farmers and businessmen. He also claimed that removal was also in the best interest of the Indians.

23. Choctaw Indians • First American Indians sent to Indian territory • Mississippi legislature abolished the government of the Choctaw • Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek – gave more than 7.5 million acres of their land to the state • Lost one fourth of the tribe in the journey west

24. Cherokee Removal • Significant Cherokee assimilation into white culture • Resistance to Indian Removal Act • Minority groups agreed to give up their lands • Treaty of New Echota (1835) Cherokee leader John Ross

25. The Trail of Tears • Worcestor v. Georgia • Forced removal to Indian Territory (in present-day Oklahoma) • Cherokee unprepared for harsh conditions • Smallpox • About a quarter died along the way • African Americans, slave and free