IWRM: FROM INTERNATIONAL THEORY TO NATIONAL PRACTICE

1. IWRM: FROM INTERNATIONAL THEORY TO NATIONAL PRACTICE External Readers Dr. Aleh Cherp (CEU) Dr. Caroline Sulivan (Oxford) Dr. Yael Parag (Oxford) Dr. Diane Stone (Warwick) Dr. Gill Walt (London) Dr. Paul Josephson (Colby) Farhad Mukhtarov PhD Candidate Central European University Budapest, Hungary

2. The Global Survey by the GWP (2006) • IWRM is: • integration • sustainability • c) participation IWRM plan or the IWRM process developed Moderate success in IWRM planning Initial progress in IWRM planning IWRM conceptual foundations • IWRM is a normative and prescriptive concept; • IWRM is a discoursive concept for Global Water Governance ; (Varady 2005; Conca 2006; WB 2003) • Vast theoretical and case study • literature (GWP, NeWater,Biswas, Mitchell, Jeffrey and Gearey etc.); • Thelwall (2005): 41 381 HTML and 28 735 PDF)

3. If only you dumbbells appreciated the brilliance of the strategy we formulated…” If you’re so smart, why didn’t you take into consideration that we are dumbbells??? IWRM as a normative concept 1 • Fallacy of Predetermination • Embodied in “Rational Comprehensive Planning” (“predict and prepare” and “contingency planning” (Jeffrey & Gearey 2006); 1) prepare for inevitable; 2) preempting the undesirable; 3) controlling the controllable; • Fallacy of Detachment • Separation of planning & implementation • Top-down and centralized

4. IWRM as a normative concept 2 (History) • Full-cost recovery – did not happen in the US in Reclamation! • Comprehensive Rational Planning – did not work in conservation movement! • Politics is inherent to water (pork barrel system) – even desirable for “PP”… • “Muddling through” is better under the conditions of uncertainty and “messy problems”.

5. Hypothesis: When the Tail Starts Wagging the Dog • Single purpose (flood control…) • Multiple purpose (Hoover etc.) • Multiple purpose and multiple means (non-structural flood control…) -> “messy” and “wicked” problems… • Globalization and rise of policy networks; • Solutions looking for the problems (IWRM, RBM, cost-recovery, piped water supply etc.)

6. Policy Transfer and Policy Networks Transfer of policies (knowledge) between different jurisdictions. Diffusion and “Isomorphism forces”. + Policy Network Theories focus on the dynamics of interaction of actors within a given network, patterns over time. Global Networks.

7. Water Law Water Admin-on Water Policy IWRM as a discourse Best practices from developed & developing countries Global IWRM Rhetoric Transnational Networks Mainstream Sustainable Development Discourse, RIO 1992 Regional Epistemic Community and TANs in the 1960 – 1970-s (IWRA ’72, “Water International”) Global Knowledge Networks The UNEP, WWC, Tokyo Club etc. in the 1990-s Global Public Policy Networks: GWP oriented to implementation in the 2000-s International Level 1] Formulation, standardization and simplification of IWRM policy Coercive Mimicry Normative National Level

8. Case 1: Azerbaijan Water Supply and Sanitation • Good WS coverage in urban areas, but deceptive… • Poor infrastructure (1.5 bln USD required) • Water available 2-4 hours/day • Water Quality is not warranted

9. Azerbaijan WSS reform • From 1994 – 2000 Infrastructure only • 2000 Sector Strategy. Policy Transfer Network Negotiation • 2002 Presidential Decree #254; Barmek gets the Baku Electricity grid

10. Azerbaijan WSS reform • 2003, 2004 –Castalia, Nexant, Scott-Wilson report etc. • In 2004 creation of AzerSu • In 2005 the BTC opened – no leverage for IFIs to manage water –New Supply Oriented Projects financed from the Oil Fund (Oguz-Gabala) No privatization or decentralization envisaged in near future – dropped from the agenda

11. Reasons for non-transfer of policies • Incompatibility of the political and economic system with the “new public mgt” agenda; • Consultants picked up ready solutions; • Mimicry – Georgian bad experiences; • The right moment for institutional changes in mid 1990-s was missed.

12. Package of water and land resources development project in the 1970-s Multi-sectoral, socio-economic regional development programme in the early 1980-s Sustainable human development project in the 1990-s Case 2: GAP project. Policy transfer or Rhetoric transfer? • TVA as an inspiration for GAP – “a government organization clothed with power of government and flexibility of a private enterprise” (FDR, 1933); • Case for national and international factors in planning…

13. IWRM and International Relations • GAP-EU Cooperation (47 mln USD) • GAP-UNDP Cooperation (5.9 mln USD) • FAO, UNICEF, WB, UNIDO etc. • IWRA – Secretary General & Vice-Pres. • WWC – Governor and Treasurer • The Tokyo Club • Academia Epistemic Community KNET/GPPN KNET

14. Recognition • 2000 Millennium Award from IWRA; • WB Development Marketplace Competition (2nd place) for local dev-nt; • Articles Published in popular newspapers

15. Policy/Knowledge Transfer in GAP • GAP-RDA as an administration (TVA); • Rhetoric of IWRM taken up from international discourse • GIDEM project for industry and business etc. • Regional Development in Turkey (EU accession) is another on-going example

16. Bridging Divides between “IWRM” and “IWRM”

17. IWRM Networks Analysis !!! Sustainability Rhetoric IWRM Global Rhetoric Organizations Regimes Conferences Global Networks and Discourse Refining IWRM Capacity-Building National Practice

18. Summary • IWRM is both normative and discoursive; • History matters and the “tail wags the dog” hypothesis; • Policy Transfer Networks – innovative tool • Case of Azerbaijan WSS and GAP-Turkey • Need for bridging the two notions of IWRM and do this through Policy Networks Approach;