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World War I

World War I. Nationalism, Colonialism, Alliances, Paranoia. Long Term Origins. Destruction of the Otto von Bismarck’s Alliance System German Hyper Nationalism Balkan Crises Arms Race. Otto von Bismarck. Needed to Isolate France diplomatically after Franco Prussian War Dreikaiserbund

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World War I

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  1. World War I Nationalism, Colonialism, Alliances, Paranoia

  2. Long Term Origins • Destruction of the Otto von Bismarck’s Alliance System • German Hyper Nationalism • Balkan Crises • Arms Race

  3. Otto von Bismarck • Needed to Isolate Francediplomatically after Franco Prussian War • Dreikaiserbund • Triple Alliance • Reinsurance Treaty

  4. Alliances Were Not Maintained • Kaiser Wilhelm Fired Bismarck • Reinsurance Treaty Lapsed; France and Russia create Dual Entente • Naval Arms Race with Great Britain and Colonial Rivalry forces Great Britain out of splendid Isolation—Britain, France, and Russia part of TRIPLE ENTENTE

  5. European Alliances in 1914

  6. Naval Arms Race: Dreadnought

  7. Colonial Race • German attempts to “assist” Morocco backfired • Crisis between Russia and Austria-Hungary in Balkans • Balkan Nationalism

  8. Balkan Crisis

  9. The Great Illusion • Warfare no longer thought necessary; hence it won’t happen • International disarmament conferences • Wishful thinking

  10. Immediate Outbreak • Germany believes 2 front war inevitable; creates Von Schlieffen Plan • Serbian Nationalists slay Franz Ferdinand • Austria mobilizes against Serbia • Russia mobilizes against Austria • Germany mobilizes against Russia, but must launch Von Schlieffen Plan into Belgium • Britain declares war because of violation of Belgian neutrality

  11. Von Schlieffen Plan

  12. War to be Over By Christmas--Not • Trench Warfare in West • Poison Gas • Tanks • Huge loss of life

  13. Poison Gas

  14. Machine Guns

  15. Tanks

  16. Heavy Howitzers

  17. Destruction and Death

  18. That Old Lie—Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori

  19. Stalemate on Western Front

  20. Huge Loss of Life • Total Military Dead: 7,996,888 • Total Military Wounded: 21,755,196 • Missing: 1,979,556 • Total Military Casualties: 31,508,200 • U. S. total casualties: 262, 725 • German losses were over 4 million

  21. Russian Revolution • Rapid industrialization creates urban worker classes in St. Petersburg and in Moscow • Wave of Russian Patriotism crashes against rocks of military defeat • Czar Nicholas abdicates in Feb. 1917 • Provisional government tries to continue the war • Unpopularity of war assists Bolsheviks in seizing power.

  22. Russian Revolution • Bolsheviks make peace with Germany—Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Defeat “Whites” in Civil War (1918-1920) • War Communism established; then the “New Economic Policy” • Stalin succeeds Lenin—eliminates rivals, purges Kulaks (peasants) and military, institutes 5-yr. plans

  23. Two who made Soviet Russia

  24. Germany’s Surrender • Peace with Russia frees Germany to focus on Western front • Launched Friedensturm in 1918 to defeat allies before U. S. troops could arrive in force • Allies withstood attack and German military command urges Kaiser to abdicate and seek peace. • Weimar Republic created, which signs peace with allies. Myth of dolchstasse costs Republic support of nationalists of all stripes in postwar Germany.

  25. New World Order • Wilson’s 14 Points designed to correct flaws that led to WWI • Ignored feelings of revenge and political realities. • Many who had survived war no longer believed anything was worth fighting for. • Many came to doubt liberal democracy.

  26. Treaty of Versailles • Only the League of Nations component of 14 points in Treaty, which U. S. never signed. • War Guilt Clause • Reparations • Mandate System • New Countries created out of old Empires

  27. Post War Order in Europe

  28. New States in the Baltic

  29. A New Germany and a new Poland

  30. New States in Eastern Europe

  31. Post War Order Leads Many to New Ideologies • Depression undoes Weimar Republic • Many flirt with Bolshevism • Hyper-Nationalism Flourishes • Facism in Italy • NSDAP (Nazis) in Germany • Communism in Russia

  32. Why WWII? • Loss of will and confidence by Allied powers—long term origins of Appeasement • Economic consequences of peace, protectionism by U. S., and deliberate manipulation of currency contribute to global depression • Mussolini, Hitler, and Stalin suppress internal dissent and look to be the harbingers of a new age to weary liberals in the west

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