A. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL: EUROPE & Economic

1. A. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL: EUROPE & Economic • All countries experience changes in natural increase, fertility, and mortality rates. • Population patterns vary according to different levels of technological development. • All countries go through four stages (transitions)

2. This theory assumes that all countries will eventually industrialize. Population bases are much larger than they were when the population revolution began in Europe.

4. STAGE 1: LOW GROWTH • People in these societies also have little access to birth control. • Stage 1 characterizes the earth’s population until the mid-18th century.

5. Death rates are high because of low standards of living and little medical technology.

6. STAGE 1 • As a result, natural increase was close to zero and populations did not grow.

7. Preindustrial, agrarian societies with high birth rates because farm work in labor intensive.

8. This requires larger families so children can help with work.

10. STAGE 2: HIGH GROWTH • Death rates fell because of greater food supplies and scientific medicine. • Birth rates remained high so the “natural increase” exploded. • “Mortality Revolution” or “Epidemiological transition” = the drop in the DEATH RATE became significant in the mid-19th century.

11. STAGE 2 • Fatal epidemic diseases became endemic, with the population developing partial immunities, so that deaths declines. • The world’s poorest countries today are in Stage 2.

12. New machines helped farmers increase agricultural production and feed the rapidly growing population resulting in a greater life expectancy.

13. 1750 industrialization brought a demographic transition in Europe.

15. STAGE 3: MODERATE GROWTH • A mature industrial economy: Europe 1800-1920 • Child labor laws restrict the nature of their work. • Smaller families are possible because of birth control

16. STAGE 3: MODERATE GROWTH • BIRTH RATES & DEATH RATES drop, curbing population growth. • FERTILITY falls because more children survive to adulthood • High standards of living make child rearing expensive

17. Children require more years of schooling

18. Children become economic liabilities rather than assets

19. More jobs = URBANIZATION

21. Post Industrial Economy BIRTH RATES continue to decline. STAGE 4: LOW GROWTH

22. Demographic Transition: Economics and Population What Stage A? What Stage B?

23. Country A • Country A in Stage 2 • *High Birth Rate • Falling Death Rate • Youthful Population • Developing Country, Dominican Republic, for example

24. Country B • Country B in Stage 4 • *Low Birth Rate • Low Death Rate • Aging Population • Developed Country: Japan, for example

25. Country A: Economic Plus/Minus Plus Minus *Expanding, Large Labor Force *Youth Dependency * Young, possibly creative force *Strain on Resources welcome to change Environment *Less need for immigrant labor * Less work for women * Less need for social security

26. Country B: Plus/ Minus Plus Minus Educated workforce Elder Dependency Low Youth Possible Labor Shortage More women in labor force Need for social security