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Sugar: The Simplest of Carbohydrates

Sugar: The Simplest of Carbohydrates. Chapter 8. Sugar. Carbohydrates = major source of energy. Provides 55% - 80% of calorie needs. Even DNA is composed of a carbohydrate base. Carbohydrates include: Starches Fiber SUGAR. Carbohydrate Production.

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Sugar: The Simplest of Carbohydrates

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  1. Sugar: The Simplest of Carbohydrates Chapter 8

  2. Sugar • Carbohydrates = major source of energy. • Provides 55% - 80% of calorie needs. • Even DNA is composed of a carbohydrate base. • Carbohydrates include: • Starches • Fiber • SUGAR

  3. Carbohydrate Production Carbohydrates are compounds composed of: Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Carbon that is bound with water Natures means of storing solar energy Photosynthesis – converts energy from the sun to glucose

  4. Carbohydrate Production Did you know that baby vegetables are sweeter than mature vegetables? • This happens because: • Baby vegies have high sugar levels • Sugars are produced first in the plants • As plant mature, sugars are combined into complex starches.

  5. Sugars • Simplest type of carbohydrate • Saccharide – name given to all carbohydrates classified as sugars • Organic compounds • Hydroxyl group (-OH)– oxygen atom and hydrogen atom bonded together • Hydroxyl group bonds with carbon atom to make sugar.

  6. Monosaccharaides Sugars that contain one basic molecule • Fructose (5 member ring) • Fount in fruits and honey • Glucose (6 member ring) • Most abundant of sugars • Occurs naturally in blood, grapes, and corn • Galactose (6 member ring) • Only found in animals and humans, milk All of these sugars have six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms creating a ring structure.

  7. Disaccharides Two joined monosaccharaides (most sugars consumed are) • Sucrose • Commonly known as table sugar, contains one glucose and one fructose molecule. • Maltose • Commonly found in malted grains, made of two glucose molecules. • Least sweet • When in powder form, it is tan • Lactose • Found in milk, contains one glucose and one galactose molecule.

  8. Disaccharides Cont… • When two monosaccharaides join, a hydroxyl group from one and a hydrogen from the other separate to form water.

  9. Hydrolysis • Occurs when a large molecule, such as sugar, is divided into smaller parts by adding water. • The body uses hydrolysis to digest disaccharides in food. • Sweetened drinks do not quench thirst because your body is using the water to break down the sugar instead of using the water for other functions.

  10. Hydrolysis • 3 triggers of hydrolysis • Presence of an enzyme • Addition of an acid • Addition of heat • Each type of sugar requires a different enzyme for hydrolysis. • To determine the name of the enzyme you drop the –ose at the end of the sugar and add –ase • Ex. Lactase, sucrase.

  11. Alcohols All organic compounds that contain at least one –OH group Sugars are in this category because they have multiple –OH groups plus an oxygen atom with a double bond. Explains the high caloric content of most alcoholic beverages. • Glycerol • Ethanol • Methanol (wood alcohol) • Isopropanol (rubbing alcohol) • Mannitol • Sorbitol • Xylitol

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