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WHERE AM I?

WHERE AM I?. Online Anatomy Module 1. INTRO & TERMS. CELL. EPITHELIUM. CONNECTIVE TISSUE. MUSCLE. NERVOUS SYSTEM. AXIAL SKELETON. APPENDICULAR SKELETON. MUSCLES. EMBRYOLOGY. SOFT CONNECTIVE TISSUES.

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WHERE AM I?

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  1. WHERE AM I? Online Anatomy Module 1 INTRO & TERMS CELL EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCLE NERVOUS SYSTEM AXIAL SKELETON APPENDICULAR SKELETON MUSCLES EMBRYOLOGY

  2. SOFT CONNECTIVE TISSUES The ‘soft’ distinction being made here is between cartilage and bone as firm connective tissues and the softer ones, such as fatty tissue, ligament, dermis of skin, etc. Articular cartilage Dermis Marrow Hypodermis Bone Joint capsule Ligament & Periosteum Tendon Muscle Text reading in Marieb is pp. 79-82

  3. SMALL-GUT CONNECTIVE TISSUE ROLES VILLIcoveredwithsimple columnar epithelium on a core ofvery loose-textured CT Extensive area of fairly loose-textured CT holding the lining to the muscle of the wall Another layer of connective tissue outside and assisting the muscle by carrying vessels, nerves, and just holding things together

  4. GUT VILLUS transport Simple Columnar Epithelium absorbingENTEROCYTES mucus-secretingGOBLET CELLS BASAL LAMINA VILLUS CORE of: loose connective tissue C T cells lymphatic capillary capillaries {

  5. CONNECTIVE TISSUE ROLES I Connect/Support Transport/Nourish EPITHELIUM } Connective tissue VESSEL The connective tissue under an epithelium is termed the LAMINA PROPRIA (adjacent layer). Where it is more intermingled with epithelial cells, as in a gland, it becomes the STROMA.

  6. THE CELL: Some basics IV Cells do not operate in isolation. They have surroundings and attachments - to other cells and materials outside them Surface specializations of the plasmalemma to interact with tube content Cell-cell attachments - more specializations of the plasmalemma or ‘cell membrane’ Attachments to materials outside the cell in the EXTRA-CELLULAR MATRIX

  7. THE CELL: Some basics V Basement membrane Basement membrane itself attaches to connective tssue below it The cells shown here form a single layer. It holds this form in part by the cells’ fastening at the base to a sticky porous membrane named a BASAL LAMINA or a BASEMENT MEMBRANE

  8. THE CELL: Some basics VI Cell are soft and squishy. Think jellyfish - it needs water to support it. To holds us together & for life on land and the ability to move and manipulate things, we need a strong , in place rigid, extracellular matrix. Cells of the soft connective tissues , cartilage, and bone make materials that interact outside the cells to provide strength and support via EXTRA-CELLULAR MATRIX (ECM)

  9. CONNECTIVE TISSUE MATERIALS Cells of the soft connective tissues make materials that interact outside the cells to provide strength and support One very special product is the basement membrane to support epithelial cells The bulk of the connective-tissue matrix comprises: boundwater, meaning that it does not slosh as you move molecules to bind the water and hold other components together long fibers to give strength and elasticity to the tissue other sticky molecules - glycoproteins - to hold the fibers in place

  10. CONNECTIVE TISSUE MATERIALS: Details boundwater molecules to bind the water - PROTEOGLYCANS long fibers - COLLAGEN (strength) & ELASTIC other sticky molecules - GLYCOPROTEINS

  11. MORE CONNECTIVE TISSUE ROLES While the matrix properties allow the tissue to support & connect , other things are going on. The matrix offers an ideal place for microorganisms to grow, so that connective tissues have a range of defensive cells and are a battle-ground of great medical significance The matrix stores a number of useful materials, including ones to help control defensive reactions and adjacent tissues. And a special cell - the fat cell/ adipocyte - stores fats/lipids for energy & growth Connective tissue readily repair themselves & react to damage to other tissues

  12. CONNECTIVE TISSUE ROLES EPITHELIUM } Connective tissue VESSEL Connect/Support Transport/Nourish Defend Storage Control Repair

  13. CONNECTIVE TISSUE COMPONENTS Synthetic cellsfor structural macromolecules, e.g. for building fibers signals collagen elastic Defensive cells Cells lie in, attach to, & are supported by the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) of fibers & ‘ground substances’

  14. DEFENSIVE CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS The matrix offers an ideal place for microorganisms to grow (food, warmth) so connective tissues have a range of defensive cells, and are a battle-ground of great medical significance MACROPHAGE (MF) eats dead & bad stuff; coordinates defense PLASMA CELL (from B Lymphocyte) makes & secretes antibodies (Igs) MAST CELL triggers defensive reaction/ inflammation (degranulates)

  15. MACROPHAGE (MF) lysosomes MAST CELL Big granules PLASMA CELL Golgi much GER Cartwheel nucleus [Peripheral clumps of heterochromatin]

  16. . MACROPHAGE Mf . . . . . . . . -POD . . . . . . Macrophage can: attach to fibers;release & crawl around;extend projections - podia;recognize bad things;wrap its podia around them;eat the stuff (phagocytosis);digest it with lysosomes

  17. MACROPHAGE MF Collagen fiber FOCAL ADHESION - attachment . . . . . . . . lysosome . -POD . . . . . . Actinmonomers & filaments in controlled flux for crawling, podia-extension, & phagocytosis

  18. MACROPHAGE /MF receptors Pathway for phagocytosis & lysosomal digestion . . . . . . . . lysosome . -POD . . . . . . Membrane scavenger receptors to recognize targets

  19. Invader CONTEXT FOR MAST CELL ACTIONS EPITHELIUM } CT VESSEL MAST CELL Triggered by invaderReleases granulesGranuleagents act on vessels & white blood cells to encourage exit Defensive white blood cells & chemicals in vessel need to get out to counteract the invader

  20. MAST-CELL ACTIVATION MAST CELL IgE antibody molecules Fce Receptor for a region of the Ig molecule Invader IgEbindingtriggers degranulation

  21. IgEbindingtriggers degranulation MAST-CELL ACTIONS I Granules contain many agents (& proteoglycans), e.g. HISTAMINE to increase permeability & loosen wall MAST CELL of Vessel CHEMOKINES to attract leukocytes out into CT

  22. MAST-CELL ACTIONS II Heparin & proteoglycans influence signaling Chemokine receptors White blood cell MAST CELL Vessel Defensive blood chemicals, e.g., Complement

  23. CONNECTIVE-TISSUE CELLS: TWO MORE TYPES MACROPHAGE (MF) lysosomes FIBROBLAST MAST CELL PLASMA CELL Fibroblast is an elongated cell amidst the fibers etc it has made Golgi much GER Cartwheel nucleus Big granules [Peripheral clumps of heterochromatin] Adipocyte/ fat cell grows to be very large, with a thin shell of cytoplasm around a huge fat droplet ADIPOCYTE fat droplet

  24. COLLAGEN - Molecule to Fiber Collagen I trimer Last of the spinning. Hereafter, strength comes from cross-linking & glueing Three intertwined helices “Glueing” & control of fibril & fiber width are done by high-# collagens, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans Assembly of trimers end-to-end, side-by-side, but staggered to build a cross-banded fibril Further glueing of fibrils to make a FIBER

  25. CONNECTIVE TISSUES ROLES CELLS EC MATRIX WORKING CONTEXTS TYPES

  26. CONNECTIVE-TISSUE CELLS FIBROBLAST MACROPHAGE (MF) lysosomes PLASMA CELL MAST CELL Golgi much GER Cartwheel nucleus [Peripheral clumps of heterochromatin] Big granules ADIPOCYTE One huge fat droplet

  27. MACROPHAGE (MF) eats dead & bad stuff; coordinates defense PLASMA CELL (from B Lymphocyte) makes & secretes antibodies (Igs) MAST CELL triggers defensive reaction/ inflammation (degranulates) ROLES OF CONNECTIVE-TISSUE CELLS FIBROBLAST makes ECM; destroys ECM ADIPOCYTE stores & releases ‘energy’ (& brown adipocytes can make heat)

  28. MACROPHAGE (MF) PLASMA CELL) MAST CELL ROLES OF CONNECTIVE-TISSUE CELLS FIBROBLAST ADIPOCYTE

  29. CONNECTIVE TISSUE COMPONENTS: Cells & ECM Fibroblast Osteoblast Chondroblastsynthetic Structural & other ECM molecules What are these? MacrophagePlasma cellLymphocyteMast celldefensive Fat cell or Adipocyte storage

  30. CONNECTIVE TISSUE COMPONENTS: Cells & ECM Collagen FIBERSReticular Elastic Fibroblast synthetic Structural & other ECM molecules BINDERS & CONTROLLERS: Sticky glycoproteinsWater-binding proteoglycansDestructive enzymesEnzyme inhibitorsSignaling Molecules Fibroblasts rework the matrix that they have formed by carefully breaking it down, while synthesizing new materials to adapt to greater or otherwise changed loads

  31. CONNECTIVE TISSUE ‘GROUND SUBSTANCE’ Collagen FIBERSReticular Elastic Fibroblast Structural & other ECM molecules BINDERS & CONTROLLERS: Sticky glycoproteinsWater-binding proteoglycansDestructive enzymesEnzyme inhibitorsSignaling Molecules ‘Ground substance’ is the old-fashioned name for the non-fiber extracellular part of connective tissue

  32. CONNECTIVE T. COMPONENTS: Reticular fibers Collagen FIBERSReticular Elastic Structural & other ECM molecules Fibroblast synthetic Reticular fibers are a delicate version of collagen fibers, used so as to support cells, but not interfere with blood-cell interactions, e.g., in liver Reticular fibers HEPATOCYTES blood vessel blood Endothelial cells lining vessel

  33. TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE Around the body different combinations of these cells, fibers, and other ECM materials are needed The starting embryonic tissue is mesenchyme - jelly- like, with a few thin fibers and unspecialized mesenchymal cells As the mesenchymal cells become fibroblasts, these can make the tissue, by fiber packing, loose or dense The fibroblasts may align the fibers parallel to make a regular tissue ,or arrange them in different orientations - an irregular tissue Elsewhere, mesenchymal cells may become fat cells making an adipose tissue The tissue requirements also vary when the tissue is somatic (in body wall or limb) rather than visceral

  34. TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE SOMATIC VISCERAL Loose irregular Dense irregular Reticular Adipose Elastic Dense regular Loose irregular Dense irregular Reticular Adipose Elastic In the beginning wasMesenchyme

  35. MESENCHYME Mesenchymal cells, mostly synthetic for structural macromolecules, e.g. for building fibers signals immature collagen Much ground substance e.g., hyaluronan (a GAG) Mesenchymal cells - precursors/ progenitors of some differentiated CT cells, e.g., fibroblasts Mesenchyme takes up & commits space to be a future connective tissue, and has modest jelly-like mechanical properties of its own

  36. Worm Woman re cvl Al - - - - - - - diaphragm u o CONNECTIVE TISSUES: Contexts Tube Man Head - modification of body wall + brain & special senses + start of two tubes Soma - body wall & the limbs Viscera tubes, modified tubes, & accessory organs

  37. SOMATIC STRUCTURES Articular cartilage Dermis Marrow Hypodermis Bone Joint capsule Ligament & Periosteum Tendon Muscle

  38. SOMATIC CONNECTIVE TISSUES: Dense regular Ligament & Tendondense regular Muscle

  39. DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE { { Bundles of thick collagen I fibers Looser vascular CT between the bundles Elongated fibroblasts

  40. DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE: Tendon { { Bundles of thick collagen I fibers Looser vascular CT between the bundles - endotendinuem Elongated fibroblasts - tenocytes If the tissue is in a tendon, some special names (not to be learned) are used

  41. SOMATIC CONNECTIVE TISSUES: Reticular & Adipose Marrowreticular Hypodermis adipose Muscle

  42. Capillary Adipocyte Reticular fibers Fat cell WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE

  43. CONNECTIVE TISSUE - Mechanical functions The stringy strength of collagen allows a variety of mechanical actions Supporting - ligament Binding - ligament Restraining - ligament Directing - tendon Separating - fascia For firmer support something has to be added to the collagen to make cartilage or bone The large soft cells of adipose tissue can be confined in sheets of collagenous tissue for Padding - fat pad

  44. SOMATIC CONNECTIVE TISSUES: Dense irregular The collagen fibers are arranged in various directions for different pulls on the tissue Dermisdense irregular Periosteumdense irregular Joint capsuledense irregular Muscle

  45. SOMATIC CONNECTIVE TISSUES: Loose irregular marks loose irregularfilling in between more solid structures & allowing them freedom of movement Muscle

  46. TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE SOMATIC Loose irregular (Areolar) between more solid structures Dense irregularjoint capsule, periosteum, dermis Dense regulartendon, ligament Adiposehypodermis Elasticelastic ligament (inconspicuous in man)

  47. SOMATIC CONNECTIVE TISSUES loose irregular Articular cartilage (hyaline) Dermisdense irregular Marrowreticular Hypodermis adipose Bone Joint capsuledense irregular Ligament & Periosteumdense irregular Tendondense regular Muscle

  48. TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE VISCERAL Loose irregular Dense irregular Reticular Adipose Elastic In the beginning wasMesenchyme

  49. Tube Man Worm Woman re cvl Al - - - - - - - diaphragm Liver u processes blood drained from the GI tract

  50. - - - - - - - diaphragm Liver u processes blood drained from the GI tract Reticular fibers HEPATOCYTES Macrophage vessel blood Endothelial cells lining vessel Visceral Connective Tissue 1 - Reticular re cvl Al e.g., in liver, spleen, kidney Reticular fibers+Macrophages= Reticular tissue

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