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parallelism

parallelism. Parallelism. Parallelism refers to the use of grammatically equal elements in sentences and paragraphs . Parallelism can be viewed as a matter of balance. When elements are balanced (parallel), the result is clear and smooth;

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parallelism

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  1. parallelism

  2. Parallelism • Parallelism refers to the use of grammatically equal elements in sentences and paragraphs. • Parallelism can be viewed as a matter of balance. • When elements are balanced (parallel), the result is clear and smooth; • when they are not balanced, the result is awkward and confusing.

  3. rules • For parallel structure, balance nouns with nouns, prepositional phrases with prepositional phrases, participles with participles, infinitives with infinitives, clauses with clauses.Not parallel:  Our report covers the details of the plan and how much it costs.Parallel:  Our report covers the details of the plan and its costs.

  4. To emphasize and clarify parallel structure, repeat a preposition, an article, the to in an infinitive, or the introductory word of a phrase or clause:> The problem lies not in the plan itself but in the method of execution.> We are pleased that you have accepted our proposal and that you will be working with us on this important project.> We are writing to clarify our position, to prevent possible misunderstandings, and to establish a foundation for cooperation.

  5. Use parallel structure with correlatives: either . . . or; neither . . . nor; not only . . . but also; whether . . . or; both . . . and.Not parallel:  Whether at home or when at work, he was always busy.Parallel:  Whether at home or at work, he was always busy.Not parallel:  This is not only unclear but it is wordy as well.Parallel:  This is not only unclear but also wordy.

  6. Parallelism is also necessary in lists. The following list, for example, is NOT parallel. • The objectives of this course are:       > To review the rules of grammar.       > Examining methods of developing essays.       > How to do a research paper. • The objectives of this course are as follows:       > To review the rules of grammar.       > To examine methods of developing essays.       > To learn how to do a research paper.

  7. Practice: correct the following. • Phuong Tran has wit, charm, and she has an extremely pleasant personality. • We must either raise revenues or it will be necessary to reduce expenses. • Examples of aerobic exercises are distance running, swimming, cycling, and long walks. • Annie's dress was old, faded, and it had wrinkles. • Consuming too much of a fat-soluble vitamin can be as harmful as not to consume enough.

  8. answers • Phuong Tran has wit, charm, and a pleasant personality. • We must either raise revenues or reduce expenses. • Examples of aerobic exercises are distance running, swimming, cycling, and walking. • Annie's dress was old, faded, and wrinkled. • Consuming too much of a fat-soluble vitamin can be as harmful as not consuming enough.

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