Change & Crisis

1. Change & Crisis Cusp of the Renaissance 1000s-1400s

2. Main Points • Feudalism declines • Democratic tradition evolves in England and France • Europe is torn apart by plague, war, and religious strife

3. Feudalism Declines • Growing Food Supply • Guilds • Commercial Revolution • Urban Life • Revival of Learning

4. Feudalism Declines: Growing Food Supply • Horsepower • Three-Field System

5. Feudalism Declines: Guilds • Merchant guilds • Control # of goods being traded • Set prices • Craft guilds • Apprentice, Journeyman, Master • Set standards for quality of work, wages, working conditions • Economically/socially/politically influential

6. Feudalism Declines: Commercial Revolution • Expansion of trade and business • Fair Days • Banking

7. Feudalism Declines: Urban Life • 1000-1150 – population increases from 30,000,000 to 42,000,000 • Merchant Class/Burghers

8. Feudalism Declines: Revival of Learning • Muslim connection • Universities • Thomas Aquinas & the Scholastics

9. England: Back Story • Many Anglo-Saxon kingdoms/feudal states until 800s • Growth of towns & villages leads to more centralized government

10. England: Early Invasions • 800s: Danish Vikings • 870s: Alfred the Great establishes England • 1016: Danish Vikings return • 1042: Edward takes the throne, but dies without heir

11. 1066 – Norman Conquest (William the Conqueror)

12. England: Government • Goals • hold & acquire French land • Strengthen power over nobles and the Church • Henry II (r. 1154-1189) & Eleanor of Aquitaine Henry II depicted in Cassell's History of England (1902)

13. England: Government • Juries – King Henry II • Common Law – King Henry II • Magna Carta (1215) – King John • No taxation without representation • Trial by a jury of peers • Protection of the law • Parliament (1295) – King Edward I

14. France: Back Story • Post-Charlemagne: French counts and dukes rule lands as feudal lords • 987: last Carolingian, Louis the Sluggard, died • Hugh Capet established Capetian Dynasty • 987-1328

15. France: Philip II (r. 1180-1223) • Goal: weaken power of English kings • Seized Normandy from King John in 1204 – went on to triple land in his control • Central Government • Royal Bailiffs

16. France: Louis IX & Philip IV • Centralization • Estates General BUT LET’S NOT GET AHEAD OF OURSELVES…

17. Disasters: Church Divided (1300s) • Philip IV vs. Pope Boniface VIII • Avignon popes weaken the Church • “A Roman, a Roman, we want a Roman.” • Urban VI vs. Clement VII – The Great Schism • 1414: Great Schism ends with election of Martin V • Church permanently weakened

18. Disasters: Hundred Years’ War • Last Capetian king dies without an heir • Edward III (king of England) claims French throne as grandson of Philip IV • French put forth Philip VI as King • War 1337-1453 • Real Cause: Chivalry

19. Disasters: Hundred Years’ War • Early English victories – better organized, better army, industrialized • French make a comeback and win • Joan of Arc

20. Disasters: Hundred Years’ War • Impact: • Nationalism • Monarch’s power increases • Internal turmoil for England • End of the Middle Ages ???

21. Next up…. RENAISSANCE