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GENERAL MITIGATIVE MEASURES & MONITORING OF POLLUTION

GENERAL MITIGATIVE MEASURES & MONITORING OF POLLUTION. MANAGEMENT OF WASTES. LOCAL SCALE On the scale of large cities, sewage treatment & solid waste mgt are particularly important functions.

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GENERAL MITIGATIVE MEASURES & MONITORING OF POLLUTION

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  1. GENERAL MITIGATIVE MEASURES & MONITORING OF POLLUTION

  2. MANAGEMENT OF WASTES LOCAL SCALE • On the scale of large cities, sewage treatment & solid waste mgt are particularly important functions. • The level of commitment necessary to accomplish these tasks may be illustrated by examination of the expenditures in cities where sewage & solid wastes services are considered adequate.

  3. An examination of budgets for some major US cities, for e.g., the combined expenditures of solid waste disposal & sewage treatment range from about half the costs of police & fire protection (NY & San Diego) to equal those expenditures (Detroit & Houston). • Establishing effective waste mgt functions is an extremely important development goal, as the poor are particularly susceptible to detrimental exposure to wastes.

  4. NATIONAL SCALE • Regulatory mgt of wastes is generally conducted through national gov’ts & through state or provincial authorities. • Insufficient regulatory mgt often leads to human health impairment, economic loss, or ecosystem degradation. • The costs of failure to prevent waste problems can be vey high, esp. those for cleaning up contaminated sites.

  5. E.g. USEPA (1998) estimated that it would require $32.9BUS in public finds to remediate that 5,664 listed contaminated sites in the US at that time, which is in addition to the considerable private funds spent on these projects. • Another e.g. is the cost of remediation in US coastal waters, where it is estimated that upgrading sewage plants to mitigate N-caused low O2 problems in estuaries will cost up to $20B for Chesapeake Bay.

  6. WASTE MINIMISATION • Traditionally, waste is viewed as an unnecessary element arising from the activities of any industry. • In reality, waste is a misplaced resource, existing at a wrong place at a wrong time. • Waste is also the inefficient use of utilities such as electricity, water, and fuel, which are often considered unavoidable overheads. The costs of these wastes are generally underestimated by managers.

  7. It is important to realize that the cost of waste is not only the cost of waste disposal, but also other costs such as: • Disposal cost • Inefficient energy use cost • Purchase cost of wasted raw material • Production cost for the waste material • Management time spent on waste material • Lost revenue for what could have been a product instead of waste • Potential liabilities due to waste.

  8. What is waste minimisation? Waste minimisation can be defined as "systematically reducing waste at source". It means: • Prevention and/or reduction of waste generated • Efficient use of raw materials and packaging • Efficient use of fuel, electricity and water • Improving the quality of waste generated to facilitate recycling and/or reduce hazard • Encouraging re-use, recycling and recovery.

  9. What is waste minimisation? • Waste minimisation aims to eliminate waste before it is produced and reduce its quantity and toxicity. • Prevention is the primary goal, followed by reuse, recycling, treatment and appropriate disposal.

  10. Why minimise waste? • Population increase and high consumption of products in the developed world has created a global waste problem. • Affluence has created effluence - the more we have, the more we have to dispose of safely. • Scientists now believe we're producing more waste than the environment can absorb

  11. The benefits of minimising waste include: • reducing demand for landfill space, • saving resources and energy, • reducing pollution, and • increasing the efficiency of production. If each one of us changes the way we think and act, together we can reduce the amount of waste we make and get rid of.

  12. Industry's role (Australia)As environmental concerns increase and disposal costs rise, industry is increasingly implementing waste prevention and cleaner production practices.The first step in an industry waste minimisation and prevention plan is a waste audit. This involves listing and measuring wastes produced at all stages of the manufacturing process, then adding up their treatment and disposal costs.

  13. Many wastes can be reused or recycled within the same process or factory or used in another process in a different factory. Industry can also re-examine and redesign products to limit production of throwaway items and develop and market long-lasting, reusable, repairable and recyclable products.

  14. Government's roleTo reduce waste, we need a co-ordinated plan involving the three levels of government. Local governmentResponsible for all aspects of domestic waste management in their area such as recycling, collection, storage and disposal. Local government has been successful in implementing recycling programs in many council areas in Queensland. Current recycling figures show what and how much you're recycling.

  15. State GovernmentInitiatives implemented through the department include: • starting to develop an Environmental Protection (Waste Management) Policy for comprehensive waste minimisation and management to reduce the quantity and toxicity of waste;

  16. helping local government develop a Waste Exchange Register for industry so waste from one industrial process or factory can be transferred and reused as a resource in another; • producing an educational resource called Reduce, Reuse, Recycle for students from pre-school to year 10 to encourage waste minimisation practices in school, at home and in the community;

  17. developing guidelines on waste minimisation for industry; and • reviewing a government purchasing policy which encourages the buying of goods made using recycled materials. • Commonwealth GovernmentThe Commonwealth Government is constantly working on new waste strategies through its agency Environment Australia .

  18. 3Rs • ReduceAvoid waste - look for ways of producing and using goods that stop waste being generated.Reduce waste - choose products that can be used productively, recycled in your area, and have minimal packaging. • Re-useRe-use containers, packaging or waste products. • RecycleRecycle waste material into useable products. • For waste that can't be avoided, reused or recycledTreat the waste to make it less hazardous or reduce the volume of the hazardous component. Dispose of the waste safely. • http://www.derm.qld.gov.au/environmental_management/waste/waste_minimisation/reduce_reuse_recycle.html

  19. Waste Audit • In order to determine if a business can benefit economically through waste minimization techniques, a waste audit is conducted. The waste audit consists of analyzing the waste stream. In other words, if a full garbage pail represents the weekly waste produced at any facility, the waste would be separated into categories and determined if a portion of the waste could be diverted from disposal.

  20. If diversion is economically feasible that portion would be prepared and sent to a recycler or related user, thus, the weight, volume and frequency of the waste stream is already reduced which lowers overhead cost. If the material has a high demand, then a rebate would be received adding more incentive.

  21. CLEANING UP OF POLLUTION • Bioremediation allows natural processes to clean up harmful chemicals in the environment. • Microscopic “bugs” or microbes that live in soil and groundwater like to eat certain harmful chemicals, such as those found in gasoline and oil spills. When microbes completely digest these chemicals, they change them into water and harmless gases such as carbon dioxide.

  22. HOW DOES IT WORK? • In order for microbes to clean up harmful chemicals, the right temperature, nutrients (fertilizers), and amount of oxygen must be present in the soil and groundwater. These conditions allow themicrobes to grow and multiply—and eat more chemicals. When conditions are not right, microbes grow too slowly or die. Or they can create more harmful chemicals.

  23. If conditions are not right at a site, EPA works to improve them. One way they improve conditions is to pump air, nutrients, or other substances (such as molasses) underground. • Sometimes microbes are added if enough aren’t already there.

  24. Phytoremediation is a bioremediation process that uses various types of plants to remove, transfer, stabilize, and/or destroy contaminants in the soil and groundwater

  25. REFERENCES • http://www.caribbeantechdisposals.com/ • http://cso.gov.tt/files/cms/Chapter%2014.pdf • http://www.scsoft.de/et/et2.nsf/KAP2View/F41BF9A59573FB4805256766005B1512?OpenDocument • http://guardian.co.tt/features/life/2010/08/26/ema-swmcol-collaborate-effective-waste-management-sec-b-30 • http://kaizen-tt.com/wastediv_labidco.php • http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacd/cef-2/WWwastewa.pdf • http://ssc.undp.org/uploads/media/Caribbean.pdf • http://www.oas.org/dsd/caribbean/background%20on%20the%20management%20of%20obsolete%20pesticide%20stockpiles%20in%20the%20caribbean.pdf • http://www.derm.qld.gov.au/environmental_management/waste/waste_minimisation/ • http://www.em-ea.org/Guide%20Books/book-4/4.13%20Waste%20minimisation%20&%20resouce%20conservation.pdf • http://www.oecd.org/document/41/0,3343,en_2649_34395_38040297_1_1_1_1,00.html • http://www.caribank.org/titanweb/cdb/webcms.nsf/AllDoc/C5111A80E51E559F0425745600562793/$File/SquiresSWMpaper.pdf • http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm70/7009/7009.pdf • http://www.fwc.com/publications/tech_papers/env/pdfs/sasol.pdf • http://www-group.slac.stanford.edu/esh/groups/ep/ppwm/

  26. http://www.atlanticlng.com/v1/?page_id=38 • http://www.environment.gov.au/ • http://www.lbl.gov/ehs/waste/wmin_recycling_guide.shtml • http://www-group.slac.stanford.edu/esh/groups/ep/ppwm/ • http://www.egipps.vic.gov.au/page/page.asp?Page_Id=102&h=0 • http://www.gefa.org/index.aspx?page=228 • Game http://www.epa.gov/recyclecity/mainmap.htm • http://www.fao.org/docrep/w2598e/w2598e04.htm • http://www.ilo.org/safework_bookshelf/english?content&nd=857170603 • http://www.bionewsonline.com/w/what_is_bioremediation.htm • http://water.usgs.gov/wid/html/bioremed.html • http://www.stevenswater.com/articles/phytoremediation.aspx • http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/environment-book/groundwaterremediation.html • NOT SURE ABOUT SOURCE http://arabidopsis.info/students/dom/mainpage.html • http://www.cpeo.org/techtree/ttdescript/phytrem.htm

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