CEE 210 Environmental Biology for Engineers

1. Lecture 2: Composition of Living Matter CEE 210 Environmental Biology for Engineers Instructor: L.R. Chevalier Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Southern Illinois University Carbondale

2. Objectives • Investigate the composition of living matter • Describe the importance of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid • Explain how DNA and RNA handle biological information

3. Organic Compounds

4. Organic Compounds These form the majority of the cell ___________. They are important for structural material, energy metabolism and other metabolic functions

5. Organic Compounds Nucleic acid is responsible for ______________

6. Carbon - The essential element Carbon (Atomic Number 6) 6p 6n Organic molecules contain carbon backbones. Every carbon atom will form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms, specifically other carbon atoms as well as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur atoms. By linking together of many smaller molecules, carbon is able to form very large polymers (macromolecules) many of which are important to human physiology.

7. Carbohydrates • These carbon-based molecules are the major source of energy for the body • Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a set proportion • ______________________ • Carbohydrates are easily soluble in water due to the polar hydroxyl (OH-) groups • Ingested as sugars and starches

8. Three types of carbohydrates • _____saccharides are the simplest sugars • Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most abundant (found in fruit) • Also fructose, galactose, ribose • _____saccharides are carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharides linked together. • Sucrose is composed of glucose and fructose (table sugar) • Maltose is composed of glucose and glucose chains (found in beer and malt liquor) • Lactose, milk sugar, is composed of glucose and galactose • _____saccharides are formed when many monosaccharides link together into long chains • Generally not sweet • Glycogen in animal cells and starch in plant cells are both composed of thousands of glucose molecules linked together.

9. Carbohydrate Energy from the bonding of C, H, and O Body uses the carbohydrate to generate glucose Glucose is broken down to produce adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the fundamental unity of energy Glucose can come from amino acids of protein if carbohydrate supply is low

10. Proteins • Composed of C, O, H and N • Uses • Source of energy • Substrate for tissue growth and maintenance • Biological functions • Major component of bone and muscle • Formation of Proteins • Combination of 20 common amino acids • 10 are essential for humans to obtain from food, since we cannot produce them • 8 through life • 2 essential during periods of rapid growth (infancy) • Plants can produce all 20 amino acids

11. Amino Acids http://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.html

12. Lipids • Lipids are predominantly composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms linked together by neutral covalent bonds.  • Lipids have two distinct regions • Long non-polar (hydrophobic) hydrocarbon chain • Hydrophilic carboxylic acid group • Types of lipids • Fat • Steroids • Wax • The most important function of lipids is _________________ • This membrane facilitates the transport of molecules in and out of the cell • Also known in layman’s term as fat • Valuable food source • Each molecule of fatty acid can be converted into twice the number of ATP molecules as glucose

13. On-line reference for Lipids http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13204

14. On-line reference for Carbohydrates http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13104

15. On-line reference for Proteins http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13304

16. On-line Interactive: Construction of the Cell Membrane This on-line resource shows how some proteins are used in the construction of the cell membrane. Be prepared to answer questions in-class. http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP1101

17. Nucleic Acid • The molecules that carry genetic information • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • RNA (ribonucleic acid) • Travel to the tiny world of DNA beginning with the body and ending with the atoms that make up a single DNA base • NOVA: Journey into DNA by Rick Groleau http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/dna.html

18. Biological Information Handling http://www.biologyforengineers.org/about.php 2005 Premier Award for Excellence in Engineering Education Courseware by the National Engineering Education Delivery System (NEEDS).

19. Additional Resource on Replication of DNA

20. Codon Wheel Table Phenyl-alanine Glycine Inner circle signifies first nucleotide in codon, second circle signifies second nucleotide in codon, outer circle signifies third nucleotide in codon. Glutamic acid Serine Tyrosine Aspartic acid G U A C C A G U U G C A Tyrosine A C G U U G G Alanine U A A C C Stop C A G U C A Cysteine U G G U C A Valine G U Stop C A U Trypotaphane G G U G A C U A C Arginine A C Leucine U G C A Serine G U A C A Lysine A C C G G U U Proline G U A C Asparagine C A U G U G C Histidine A A U G C Threanine Glutamine Arginine Methionine Isoleucine

21. Objectives • Investigate the composition of living matter • Describe the importance of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid • Explain how DNA and RNA handle biological information

22. References • Environmental Biology for Engineers and Scientists (Textbook) • Chapter 3.6 Composition of Living Things • Visionlearning • http://www.visionlearning.com/ • Chemical Composition of the Body • http://www.biology-online.org/9/1_chemical_composition.htm • Amino acid demonstration • http://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.html • Cell biology animation • http://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.html • Biomolecules: The Lipids, Wisconsin On-Line, Barbara Liang • http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13204 • Biomolecules: The Carbohydrates, Wisconsin On-Line, Barbara Liang • http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13104

23. References • Biomolecules: The Proteins, Wisconsin On-Line, Barbara Liang • http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13304 • Construction of the Cell Membrane, Wisconsin On-Line, Barbara Liang • http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP1101 • NOVA: Journey into DNA by Rick Groleau • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/dna.html • Biology for Engineers • http://www.biologyforengineers.org/about.php • Codon Wheel Table from DNA 2.0 (adapted from) • https://www.dna20.com/index.php?pageID=251 • Cellupedia • http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/introduction.html

24. Sources of photographs and images in sidebar • Human brain • http://www.healthnak.com/mind/ • X-rays images • http://martingallerycharleston.com/index.html • Cold Virus (altered in Photoshop) • http://medphoto.wellcome.ac.uk/

25. About the Instructor • Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering • Fellow, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) • Diplomat, Water Resources Engineering, American Academy of Water Resources Engineering (AAWRE) • Board Certified Environmental Engineer, American Academy of Environmental Engineers (AAEE) • Licensed Professional Engineer, State of Illinois