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Chap.13 Succession

Chap.13 Succession. 鄭先祐 生態主張者 Ayo 工作室. Successsion ( 演進). Succession Defined Patterns of successional change Mechanisms of Successional Change Connell-Slatyer Models Tilman ’ s Resource model Interactions among the succession models The role of Herbivores in succession

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Chap.13 Succession

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  1. Chap.13 Succession 鄭先祐 生態主張者 Ayo工作室

  2. Successsion (演進) • Succession Defined • Patterns of successional change • Mechanisms of Successional Change • Connell-Slatyer Models • Tilman’s Resource model • Interactions among the succession models • The role of Herbivores in succession • Probabilistic models of succession • The Nature of the climax • Environmental application Chap.13 Succession

  3. Fig. 13.1 Old Krakatau (shown by the dashed line) was destroyed by a volcanic eruption in 1883, leaving only Rakata, a lifeless remnant, at the southern end. Chap.13 Succession

  4. Fig. 13.2 The number of species on Rakata as a function of time after the Krakatau explosion. Chap.13 Succession

  5. Succession Defined • Degradative succession 潰化 • Autotrophic (自營) succession • Hetrotrophic (異營) succession • Primary succession • Secondary succession • Pioneer stage • Seral stage • Climax 極相，極盛相，終極群落 (disclimax) Chap.13 Succession

  6. The role of disturbance in communities • Disturbance, any relatively discrete event in time that disrupts ecosystem, community, or population structure and changes resource or substrate availability or the abiotic environment. • The effect of a disturbance depends on the nature of the disturbance and the type of habitat. Chap.13 Succession

  7. Fig. 13.3 火山爆發後的焚毀干擾。 Chap.13 Succession

  8. Fig. 13.3 (b) 各種不同程度的火災。中央部分是全部焚毀。 Chap.13 Succession

  9. Fig. 13.3 (c) 颶風摧毀部分林木。 Chap.13 Succession

  10. Fig. 13.4 The characterization of disturbance along three dimensions: frequency, severity, and spatial extant. Chap.13 Succession

  11. Chap.13 Succession

  12. Patterns of successional Change • Primary succession • Dune succession • Succession after recent glaciation • Secondary succession • Old field succession • Succession in lodgepole pine forest • Variation in the patterns of succession Chap.13 Succession

  13. Fig. 13.6 Five stages (a) beach and the foredune vegetation Chap.13 Succession

  14. Fig. 13.6 (b) stabilized-dune vegetation Chap.13 Succession

  15. Fig. 13.6 (c) shrub zone Chap.13 Succession

  16. Fig. 13.6 (d) pine zone Chap.13 Succession

  17. Fig. 13.6 Five stages of dune succession (e) oak forest Chap.13 Succession

  18. Fig. 13.8 Migration of the ice front in Muir Inlet of Glacier Bay, Alaska.Dates indicate the snout of the glacier from 1860 to 1960.冰河的前端，逐年向北退去。 Chap.13 Succession

  19. Fig. 13.9 Recession of the Muir Glacier from 1978(a) to 1997 (b). Chap.13 Succession

  20. Fig. 13.9 Recession of the Muir Glacier from 1978(a) to 1997 (b). Chap.13 Succession

  21. Fig. 13.11 Chap.13 Succession

  22. Old field succession Chap.13 Succession

  23. Fig. 13.12 The four stages of lodgepole pine succession in Yellostone National Park. In stage I (0-50 years) after the fire. Chap.13 Succession

  24. Fig. 13.12 The four stages of lodgepole pine succession in Yellostone National Park. In stage II, characterized by the maturation of the trees. (50-150 years) Chap.13 Succession

  25. Fig. 13.12 The four stages of lodgepole pine succession in Yellostone National Park. In stage III. As some of the trees in Stage II begin to die, Stage III begins. Trees mature and weaken, and many are killed by bark beetles. Light reaches the forest floor, and seedlings germinate and grow. Chap.13 Succession

  26. Fig. 13.12 Stage IV begins after approximately 250 years. Lodgepoles are reaching their maximum life span and death are common. This stage is very vulnerable to fire. Chap.13 Succession

  27. Fig. 13.13 Historical pattern of fires in Yellostone based on tree-ring data. Chap.13 Succession

  28. Fig. 13.14 Chap.13 Succession

  29. Fig. 13.15 Alternative successionalo pathways in Lake Michigan sand dunes. Chap.13 Succession

  30. Fig. 13.16 Alternative successional pathways in taiga. The paths vary depending on the microclimate and substrate. Chap.13 Succession

  31. Mechanisms of successional change • Connell-Slatyer Models • Facilitation model • Tolerance model • Inhibition model • Tilman’s Resource model • Light and soil nitrogen are inversely related. • Succession is driven by the change in species composition dictated by the changes in resources over time. Chap.13 Succession

  32. Fig. 13.24 Tilman’s model of succession Chap.13 Succession

  33. Probabilistic models of succession • Horn (1975) attempted to assess the succession could be described as a statistical process dependent on a series of transition probabilities from one state to another. • 他運用Markov chains 數學模式，transitions from one state to another are stochastic process that depend only on the current state, not on any previous state. Chap.13 Succession

  34. 預期的與觀察到的，The two distributions are not statistically different. Chap.13 Succession

  35. 圖4. 微生態體系的演進。Pg為粗初級生產量； Pn為淨初級生產量；R為呼吸量；B為生物質量。 Chap.13 Succession

  36. 圖4. 森林生態體系的演進。 Pg為粗初級生產量； Pn為淨初級生產量；R為呼吸量；B為生物質量。 Chap.13 Succession

  37. 生態體系的演進 (succession) • 群落結構 • 能量循流 • 生物地理化學的循環 • 天擇與調整 Chap.13 Succession

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  40. Chap.13 Succession

  41. 動態的海灘 • 海灘是觀察自發與異發過程交互作用的好地方。 • 海灘的沙，是來自陸域沖刷來的沙，與被海浪帶走的沙，相互作用的結果。 • 如果海岸的沙之收支是正的，那麼沙灘即會往海的方向移動。 • 如果收支是負的，海灘即會往陸地退縮。 Chap.13 Succession

  42. 圖5. 防波堤對海灘的影響。 Chap.13 Succession

  43. The nature of the climax • The concept of climax • Monoclimax • Polyclimax • Equilibrium and climax • 生態體系，是否會老化？ • 數千年的檜木林，已達到極盛相(climax)？ • 演進愈久，自然的價值與美學愈高。 Chap.13 Succession

  44. 問題與討論！ ayo@faculty.pccu.edu.tw Ayo 文化站http://faculty.pccu.edu.tw/~ayo Chap.13 Succession

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