Master Gardener Information (Statewide Program)

1. 2008 MG TrainingBasic EntomologyGail Langellotto, Ph.D.Statewide Coordinator Oregon MG ProgramUrban and Community Horticulture Extension Specialistgail.langellotto@oregonstate.edu541-737-5175

2. Master Gardener Information(Statewide Program) Website: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/ Listserve: http://lists.oregonstate.edu/mailman/listinfo/osu_master_gardeners

3. Objectives • Part I • Explain the hierarchical classification system used in biology. • Name the principle characteristics used to separate the phyla and classes of insects and their relatives. • Part II • Review the general anatomy of insects • Review the major types of insect life cycles, and the associated stages of development. • Review the common orders of insects. • Part III • Discuss insect collection techniques • Current ecological research on pollinators in gardens • Part IV • How to diagnose insect problems

4. Module Objectives • Part I • Explain the hierarchical classification system used in biology. • Name the principle characteristics used to separate the phyla and classes of insects and their relatives. • Part II • Review the general anatomy of insects • Review the major types of insect life cycles, and the associated stages of development. • Review the common orders of insects. • Part III • Discuss insect collection techniques • Current ecological research on pollinators in gardens • Part IV • How to diagnose insect problems

5. Linnaean Classification System A way to impart order to a complex environment Species is the basic unit of biological classification Genus represents a group of closely related species Family represents a group of closely related genera Order represents a group of closely related genera Etc., etc., etc. Illustration credit: Peter Halasz Illustration Link: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Biological_classification_S_Pengo.svg

6. Arthropods, and Related Phyla • Annelids (Segmented Worms) • Segmented bodies • No legs • Appendages in the head (jaws, feelers, etc.) • Onychophorans (Velvet Worms) • Long, soft-bodied, carnivorous worms • Head with eyes, rasping jaws • Unjointed ‘lobopodia’ • Arthropods

7. Annelids: Segmented Worms Annelid: Polychaete Annelid: Earthworm • Segmented bodies • No legs • Appendages in the head (jaws, feelers, etc.) Annelid: Leech Image Source: http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week9/07annelids.html

8. Onychophorans: Velvet Worms Image Source: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/annelida/nereid.gif Image Source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-6767/Onychophoran • Long, soft-bodied, carnivorous worms • Head with eyes, rasping jaws • Unjointed ‘lobopodia’

9. The Arthropod Phylum • A phylum is a major group of organisms. • Insects are a Class in the Phylum of Arthropods. • Characteristics of Arthropods Include: • Segmented Bodies • Jointed Legs • Exoskeleton • Open Circulatory System • No Backbone • Bi-lateral Symmetry

10. Phylogeny of Major Groups Defined by embryology Blastopore becomes anus Defined by: Exoskeleton Jointed legs Time

11. Linnaean Classification System A way to impart order to a complex environment Species is the basic unit of biological classification Genus represents a group of closely related species Family represents a group of closely related genera Order represents a group of closely related genera Etc., etc., etc. Illustration credit: Peter Halasz Illustration Link: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Biological_classification_S_Pengo.svg

12. Major Groups of Arthropods • Class Xiphosura • Common Name: Horseshoe Crabs • Class Arachnida • Includes Scorpions, Spiders and Mites • Subphylum Mandibulata • Includes Crustaceans, Millipedes, Centipedes • Class Insecta

13. Major Classes of ArthropodsClass Xiphosura (Common Name: Horshoe Crabs) • No antennae • Two distinct body divisions • Body with broadly oval shell and long, slender tail • Abdomen with leaf-like gills on ventral side • First pair of appendages are chelicera • All are aquatic Image Source: http://paleo.cortland.edu/tutorial/Arthropods/Arthropod%20Images/horseshoe.GIF

14. Major Classes of ArthropodsClass Arachnida Chelicerae Two distinct body divisions 4 pair of legs First pair of appendages are chelicerae No antennae Photo Images Courtesy of: Dept. of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln

15. Major Classes of ArthropodsClass Arachnida: Order Araneida (Common Name: Spiders) Chelicerae Spinnerets Pedipalps (male) Two distinct body divisions, 8 true legs First pair of appendages are chelicerae All possess venom glands and spinnerets Pedipalps in male are modified for sperm delivery Photo Images Courtesy of: Dept. of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln

16. Major Classes of ArthropodsClass Arachnida: Order: ScorpionidaCommon Name: Scorpions Segmented Abdomen Cephalothorax Pedipalps Sting Two distinct body divisions, 8 true legs First pair of appendages are chelicerae Relatively large arachnids Pedipalps are large and claw-like Abdomen distinctly segmented, and ending in a sting Found in arid regions in the South and West Photo Image Courtesy of: Dept. of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln

17. Major Classes of ArthropodsClass Arachnida: Order AcarinaCommon Name: Ticks & Mites European Red Mite Photo Image Courtesy of: Virginia Cooperative Extension Service http://www.ext.vt.edu/departments/entomology/ornamentals/spidermites.html Two-Spotted Spider Mite Two distinct body divisions, 8 true legs First pair of appendages are chelicerae No true head All ticks are parasites of warm-blooded animals Mites are abundant in the soil and debris, but may also be parasitic

18. Major Classes of ArthropodsSubphylum Mandibulata, Class CrustaceaCommon Name: Crustaceans • Two pair of antennae • At least 5 pairs of legs • Two distinct body regions (cephalothorax and abdomen) • Cephalothorax is covered by a hardened hood (carapace) • Most are detritivores, with some predaceous habits • Most are aquatic • Lobsters, shrimp, barnacles, isopods, sowbugs, brine shrimp (sea monkeys)

19. Major Classes of ArthropodsSubphylum Mandibulata, Class DiplopodCommon Name: Millipedes Worm-like and cylindrical Two pair of legs per body segment Some secrete cyanide as a chemical defense All are detritivores

20. Major Classes of ArthropodsSubphylum Mandibulata, Class ChilopodaCommon Name: Centipedes Worm-like and enlongate One pair of legs per body segment First pair of legs is modified into poison claws (fangs) Predaceous on insects and other small arthropods

21. Major Classes of ArthropodsSubphylum Mandibulata, Class SymphylaCommon Name: Garden Centipedes Millipede • Similar to centipedes, but with only 10-12 pair of legs • Closely related to insects • 5 segmented head • Labium similar to insects • Bead like antennae • Can be pests of field crops Symphylan Centipede

22. Major Classes of ArthropodsClass InsectaCommon Name: Insects!!! • Most adult insects have the following characters: • All have body divided into three parts (head, thorax and abdomen) • All have three pairs of legs • Usually one pair of antennae and a pair of compound eyes (a few exceptions to these characteristics are found) • Usually two pairs of wings • absent in many insects such as lice, fleas, ants; flies have one pair of wings)

23. Characteristics of Class Insecta • Phylum: Arthopoda • Class: Insecta • Order: Diptera (flies) • Family: Asilidae (robber flies) Image Source: http://pest.ca.uky.edu/EXT/Master_gardener/entbasics/introduction/introduction.shtml

24. Phylogeny of Major Classes

25. Trends History of Arthropods Segmented tube with parapodia (Annelids) Legs developed with muscles (Onychophora) Segmented or jointed legs (Arthropods) Tagmosis: division of body into specialized units (Arthropods) Specialized leg units (Arthropods) Loss of leg pairs (Insecta)

26. Module Objectives • Part I • Explain the hierarchical classification system used in biology. • Name the principle characteristics used to separate the phyla and classes of insects and their relatives. • Part II • Review the general anatomy of insects • Review the major types of insect life cycles, and the associated stages of development. • Review the common orders of insects. • Part III • Discuss insect collection techniques • Current ecological research on pollinators in gardens • Part IV • How to diagnose insect problems

27. Insect External Anatomy • 3 Body Regions • Head: Sensory Center • Thorax: Locomotory Center • Abdomen: Reproductive Center Image Source: http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Zoology/Insects/InsectAnatomy/Introduction/insectanatomy.gif Image Source: http://pest.ca.uky.edu/EXT/Master_gardener/entbasics/introduction/introduction.shtml

28. Insect External AnatomyHead • Mouthparts (paired mandibles, maxillae and labium) • Labrum/clypeus as ‘upper lip’ • Maxillary palp and labial palp are both part of maxillae Md = mandibles Lr=labrum Mx=maxillae Chewing Piercing/ Sucking Sucking/ Lapping Image Source: http://www.answers.com/topic/evolution-insect-mouthparts-png

29. Insect External AnatomyHead • Antennae (1 pair) • Compound Eyes (1 pair) • Simple Eyes or Ocelli (3 total) • Mouthparts (paired mandibles, maxillae and labium) • Labrum/clypeus as ‘upper lip’ • Maxillary palp and labial palp are both part of maxillae Image Source: http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/entomology/topics/images/heads.gif

30. Insect External AnatomyThorax • Pro-, meso- and meta-thorax • Each segment bears a pair of legs • Meso- and meta-thorax each bear a pair of wings Forewing Hindwing Image Source: http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Entomology/images/Topics/extMorphology/thoraxComponents.gif

31. Insect External AnatomyAbdomen • Cerci and external reproductive appendages • Ovipositor in females Ovipositor Cerci/Pincers

32. Objectives • Part I • Explain the hierarchical classification system used in biology. • Name the principle characteristics used to separate the phyla and classes of insects and their relatives. • Part II • Review the general anatomy of insects • Review the major types of insect life cycles, and the associated stages of development. • Review the common orders of insects. • Part III • Discuss insect collection techniques • Current ecological research on pollinators in gardens • Part IV • How to diagnose insect problems

33. Insect Life Cycles • Ametabolous: no obvious difference between juveniles and adults • Hemimetabolous: nymphs look like smaller version of adult, without wings • Holometabolous: nymphs look worm like or grub like (without wings). Very different from adult appearance

34. Ametabolous Development Juveniles resemble adults, except that they are smaller With each molt, abdominal segments are added

35. Hemimetabolous Development • Juveniles (called nymphs) resemble adults, except that they are smaller, and do not have wings • Development of wing buds or wing pads in later stages • With each molt, wing buds get larger

36. Holometabolous Development • Juveniles (called larvae) look quite different from adults • Worm like • Grub like • Caterpillar like • Pupal stage, where metamorphosis occurs • Juvenile and adult stages often feed on very different things and/or live in very different habitats

37. Insect Life Cycles • Juveniles • Not winged / can’t fly • Not sexually mature • Adults • Winged / can fly • Sexually mature Monarch Butterfly Larva Monarch Butterfly No Wings Wings Potato Leafhopper Nymph Potato Leafhopper Adult Wing Pads Wings Image Sources: (Lepidoptera: http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/bugs/life/butterflies.aspx) (Hemiptera: http://www.ipm.uiuc.edu/cropsci270/syllabus/images/0207image13.jpg)

38. Modifications and Insect Diversity Waxy, Rigid Cuticle Increased number of sclerites Tracheal structures Dispersal by flight High reproductive potential Small size Lack of competition on land Complete metamorphosis

39. Insect Diversity • Most diverse class, order, family of organisms

42. Objectives • Part I • Explain the hierarchical classification system used in biology. • Name the principle characteristics used to separate the phyla and classes of insects and their relatives. • Part II • Review the general anatomy of insects • Review the major types of insect life cycles, and the associated stages of development. • Review the common orders of insects. • Part III • Discuss insect collection techniques • Current ecological research on pollinators in gardens • Part IV • How to diagnose insect problems

43. Common Insect Orders • 31 Insect Orders • Most recent discovery in 2002! (Mantophasmatodea) • Orders of particular interest to gardeners include: • Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Thysanoptera • ‘-ptera’ means ‘wing’ (think Pteradactyl) • To ID almost all insects to order, you should look at the wings of the adults • Juvenile IDs are much more difficult

44. Classification of Insect Orders • Gullan and Cranston. 1994. The Insects: An Outline of Entomology. Chapman and Hall, London. • Borror, Triplehorn and Johnson. 1989. An Introduction to the Study of Insects. 6th Edition. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Orlando. • Borror and White. 2004. Introduction to the Study of Insects. 7th Edition. Brooks Cole.

45. Insect Phylogeny

46. Primitive Insects • Ametabolous Development • No wings (Apterygotes) • Development of eyes occurs in this group • Development of spiracles

47. Proturans and Diplurans • Ametabolous, No Wings • No eyes • Some breath through cuticle • Proturans: no antennae, sucking mouthparts, very small and rare, found in moist habitats • Diplurans: antennae with internal muscles, chewing mouthparts, small, uncommon, found in moist habitats. Abdomen with 11 segments and 2 cerci.

48. Collembola Ametabolous, no wings Antennae with internal muscles Some species have eyes. Some species don’t Abdomen has scales, collophore on 1st segment, retinaculum on 3rd segment and furcula on 4th segment Extremely abundant in certain soil habitats (moist and with much organic debris) Occasional pests in potted plants, greenhouses. Important food source for many arachnids and other insects.

49. Thysanura (silverfish, bristletails) Ametabolous, no wings Antennae very long and without internal muscles Well-developed eyes Breath through spiracles Abdomen with 11 segments, 3 bristly cerci Mating rituals. Habitats include moist, shady locations outside and hot, dry locations indoors. Feed on starchy substances. Can be indoor pests on wallpaper, books, cereals.

50. Paurometabolous Insects • Hemimetabolous Development with a subimago or subadult stage • All are winged as adults. • Naiads are aquatic. Adults are found flying near water.