C hapter 16: Analysing survey data

1. Chapter 16: Analysing survey data

2. CONTENTS • Survey data analysis and types of research • Spreadsheet analysis • Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) • Preparation • SPSS procedures • The analysis process

3. Survey data analysis and types of research (Fig. 16.1) A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

4. Explanatory research and causality • Necessary conditions: • Associationsbetween variables (A changes with B) • Time priority(B happens after A) • Non-spurious relationships (relationships ‘make sense’) • Rationale/theory (there should be an explanation) A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

5. Spreadsheet analysis (Fig. 16.1) • Example using data from Campus Sporting Life questionnaire (Fig. 10.21) • FREQUENCY procedure in Microsoft Excel used to produce: • frequency counts of coded variables • averages for numerical variables (age, spend) A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

6. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) • Software package produced by SPSS inc., owned by IBM • Analysis of questionnaire-based and other data • organised as cases with specified variables • SPSS is effective and one of the most popular packages. Its use in this book does not imply endorsement as ‘the best’ package. A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

7. SPSS procedures covered (Fig. 16.4) A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

8. Preparation: cases and variables: from Fig. 10.21 A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

9. Information required for each variable in the questionnaire • Name • Type – numeric, string (letters) or date • Width– max. no. of characters • Decimal places • Label – longer version of name • Values– for coded variables • Missing– blanks, no answer, etc. • Columns – no. of columns in Data View screen (see below) • Alignment – left, right, centre (in Data View) • Measure/data type – nominal, ordinal, scale A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

10. Variable names • Up to 8 characters (no spaces), beginning with a letter • Not allowed: ALL AND BY EQ GT LE LT NE NOT OR TO WITH • Can be: • Short version of item description (as used here), or • Var01, var02, var03 etc. or • Q1a, Q1b, Q2, Q3 etc A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

11. Types of measure • Nominal: described in words – eg. male/female • Ordinal: Ranked: 1, 2, 3 … means 1st, 2nd, 3rd …. • Scale: fully numeric A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

12. Variable View • Information on variables is entered in the SPSS ‘Variable View’ screen A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

13. Variable view screen (Fig. 16.8)

14. Data View • Data entered directly on the Data View screen, or • Can be imported from a spreadsheet file A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

15. Data View screen (Fig. 16.9)

16. Note to teachers • It is not envisaged that SPSS detailed procedures would be the subject of a PowerPoint presentation: students would benefit most from following the procedures in practical sessions • A copy of the Campus Sporting Life data files is available on the book website • However, teachers may wish to discuss the nature/ purpose of the various procedures. • Slides are therefore included with the outputs from the procedures A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

17. Descriptives: N, Minimum, Maximum, Mean & Standard Deviation for each variable. A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

18. Descriptives: output: first few variables (Fig. 16.11) A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

19. Frequencies • Simple counts/percentages of variables • Nominal/ordinal: straightforward • Numeric may need to be grouped – see Recode • Frequencies form the basis for a statistical summary/appendix – see Fig. 16.6 A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

20. Frequencies: output (Fig. 16.12) Frequencies for all variables: see Appendix 16.1 A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

21. Multiple Response • Two types of ‘Multiple Response’ • Dichotomy: Q. 2: use of services: 4 ‘yes/no’ variables • Best combined into one table • Category: Q. 6: Suggestions: up to three responses per respondent = 3 variables • Best combined into one table A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

22. Multiple Response output: Fig. 16.13 A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

23. Recode • Grouping/Re-grouping variable categories, especially: • presentational: numerical variables • theoretical eg. 5 categories of tourism or just two: leisure vs non-leisure? • Comparison – with other research • statistical reasons – see Ch. 17 • Examples: • uncoded, ‘spend’ has 9 different answers (see Appendix 16.1): recode into 4 groups • Student status has 2 F/T and 2 P/T categories: recode into F/T and P/T A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

24. Recode: output(Fig. 16.14) A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

25. Measures of central tendency: Mean, Median, Mode • Mean = average • Median = middle value when all cases ranked in order • Mode = most popular value • Only valid with scale and ordinal variables • Options: • Add to ‘Frequencies’ procedure • Use ‘Means’ A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

26. Mean, median, mode: ‘frequencies’ procedure (Fig. 16.15) A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

27. Means procedure (Fig. 16.15) Mean expenditure by student status A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

28. Crosstabulation • Table showing relationships between two or more variables • Table can include one or more of the following: • counts • row % • column % • total % • statistical tests – see Ch. 17 • Procedure: ‘Crosstabs’ A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

29. Crosstabs A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

30. Crosstabs contd: three variables A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

31. Weighting • Weighting discussed in Ch. 13 • ‘Weight cases’ procedure • eg. if Masters students under-sampled: • suppose masters students need to be given a weight of 1.3 • create new variable wt • for Masters students wt = 1.3; all others: wt = 1 • In ‘Weight cases’: weight by wt A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

32. Graphics • Types: • bar graph • stacked bar graph • pie chart • line graph • scatter plot • Different graph types suited to different data types A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

33. Data types and graphics (Fig. 16.18) * Grouped A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

34. Bar chart A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

35. Stacked bar chart A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

36. Pie chart A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

37. Line graph A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge

38. Scatterplot A. J. Veal & S. Darcy (2014) Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A practical guide. London: Routledge