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Leading MIS Researchers & Watershed Papers

Leading MIS Researchers & Watershed Papers. Students of MIS 696a December 11, 2002. Table of Contents. Introduction Section I: Database Section II: Systems Analysis Section III: Collaboration & Communication Section IV: Economics of Informatics Section V: HCI & Psychology

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Leading MIS Researchers & Watershed Papers

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  1. Leading MIS Researchers& Watershed Papers Students of MIS 696a December 11, 2002

  2. Table of Contents • Introduction • Section I: Database • Section II: Systems Analysis • Section III: Collaboration & Communication • Section IV: Economics of Informatics • Section V: HCI & Psychology • Section VI: KM, AI, & IR • Section VII: Operations Research • Section VIII: Policy, Ethics, & Social Issues • Section IX: Workflow • Conclusion

  3. Introduction What is our objective? What do we hope to accomplish?

  4. Section I: Database

  5. DatabaseOverview • Databases permeate almost every aspect of information systems • Fueled an industry estimated at over $10 billion in the U.S. alone • Database research underlies fundamental advancements in a host of civilian and defense applications, as well as progress in fields ranging from computer science to biology

  6. DatabaseSeminal Researchers • E.F. Codd • A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks. Communications of the ACM, 13(6):377-387, 1970. • Peter Pin-Shan Chen • The Entity-Relationship Model: Toward a unified view of data. TODS, 1(1):9--36, 1976.

  7. DatabaseOther Important Work • Michael Stonebraker • The design and implementation of INGRES. ACM, 1(3):189-122, 1976 • Operating System Support for Database Management. Commun. ACM 24, (July 1981), pp. 412-418. • Won Kim • Integrating an object-oriented programming system with a database system, ACM Conference Proceedings, 142-152, 1988 • Querying object-oriented databases. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD, 1992.

  8. DatabaseOther Important Work (cont’d) • Salvatore T. March • Allocating Data and Operations to Nodes in Distributed Database Design. IEEE Transactions in Knowledge and Data Engineering, 72, 305-317. • Sudha Ram • Heterogeneous Distributed Database Systems. IEEE Computer, 24(12), 7-11

  9. DatabaseFuture Outlook • Databases, though “mature” and “commercialized” still have much to offer • Some Future Research Directions: • Tools do perform rule validation and debugging • Extensions of Spatio-Temporal Data Storage Research • Storage and Retrieval of large, complex data types • Parallel Query Processing Optimization • Integration and Security of Heterogeneous, Distributed Databases

  10. Section II: Systems Analysis

  11. Systems AnalysisMotivation “The whole is more than the sum of its parts” - Arsitotle, Metaphysica

  12. Systems AnalysisFirst Formal Notion Systems Analysis and Design first proposed as a formal discipline in 1930’s: “There exists models, principles, and laws that apply to general systems … irrespective of the relations or ‘forces’ between them.” - Ludwig von Bertalanffy General Systems Theory. Foundations, Development, Applications.

  13. Systems AnalysisKey Components • Mathematic Systems Theory: “rigorous deductions and confirmation (or refusal) of theory.” • Systems Technology: “vast realm of techniques, models, and so forth” • Systems Philosophy: “an organismic outlook of the world as a great organization”

  14. Systems AnalysisStructured Analysis • “Logical” representation of the System • Entity Relationship Diagram(ERD) • Data Flow Diagram (DFD) used to represent the key processes of the system • Control Flow Diagram (CFD) • State Activity Diagram

  15. Systems AnalysisObject Oriented Analysis • Models the computer to reality instead of reality to the computer • Combines data and processes into “objects”, which are then turned into software. • Even more easily understood that structured analysis by non-technical stakeholders • O-O invented by Ole Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard (University of Oslo, Norway) • Simula – first O-O programming language

  16. Systems AnalysisO-O Benefits • Can model more complex applications • Software has less “bugs” • O-O based software can be reused so easier to modify • Unified Modeling Language (UML) facilitates use of O-O analysis and design • UML developed by Booch Jacobsen and Rumbaugh

  17. Systems AnalysisFuture Trends • Need to develop more formal (mathematical) methods to ensure consistency between software objects • Especially important for the development and maintenance of complex distributed systems

  18. Section III: Collaboration Technology

  19. Collaboration TechnologyOverview • What is a Collaborative Tool or GDSS? “An interactive computer-based system which facilitates solution of unstructured problems by a set of decision makers working together as a group” - DeSanctis and Gallupe (1971)

  20. Collaboration TechnologyKey Researchers • Michael S. Scott Morton • Jay Nunamaker • Judith Olson • Murray Turoff • Gerardine DeSanctis • R. Brent Gallupe • Douglas Vogel • Sirkka Jarvenpaa • Wanda Orlikowski • Sara Kiesler

  21. Collaboration TechnologySignificant Contributions • Michael S. Scott Morton • Morton, M.S.S.; and Keen, P.G.W. Decision support systems: an organizational perspective. Addison-Wesley, Boston, (1978). • Morton, M.S.S.; editor, The corporation of the 1990s: Information technology and organizational transformation. Oxford University Press, (1991). • Jay Nunamaker • Nunamaker, J.F., Jr.; Dennis, A.R.; Valacich, J.S.; Vogel, D.R.; and George, J.F. Electronic meeting systems to support group work. Communications of the ACM, 34, 7 (July 1991), 40-61. • Nunamaker, J.F., Jr; Chen, M.; and Purdin, T.D.M. Systems development in information systems research. Journal of Management Information Systems, 7, 3 (Winter 1990-91), 89-106. • Nunamaker, J.F., Jr.; Briggs, R.O.; Mittleman, D.D.; Vogel, D.R.; and Balthazard, P.A. Lessons from a dozen years of group support systems research: a discussion of lab and field findings. Journal of Management Information Systems, 13, 3 (Winter 1996-97), 163-207.

  22. Collaboration TechnologySignificant Contributions • Murray Turoff • Turoff, M. Delphi and it potential impact on information systems. AFIPS Conference Proceedings, Fall Joint Computer Conference, 39, (1971), 317-326. • Turoff, M. Computer mediated communication requirements for group support. Journal of Organizational Computing, 1, (1991), 85-113. • Gerardine DeSanctis • DeSanctis, G.; and Gallupe, R.B. A foundation for the study of group decision support systems. Management Science, 33, 5 (1987), 589-609. • DeSanctis, G.; and Gallupe, R.B. Group decision support systems: a new frontier. Data Base, 16, 2 (1985), 2-10. • R. Brent Gallupe • Gallupe, R.B.; Dennis, A.R.; Cooper, W.H.; Valacich, J.S.; Bastinutti, L.M.; and Nunamaker, J.F., Jr. Electronic brainstorming and group size. Academy of Management Journal, 35, (1992), 350-369. • Gallupe, R.B. Images of information systems in the early 21st century. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 3, 3 (2000), 2-16.

  23. Collaboration TechnologySignificant Contributions • Sirkka Jarvenpaa • Jarvenpaa, S.L.; Knoll, K.; and Leidner, D.E. Is anybody out there? Antecedents of trust in global virtual teams. Journal of Management Information Systems, 14, 4 (Spring 1998), 29-64. • Wanda Orlikowski • Yates, J.; and Orlikowski, W.J. Genres of organizational communication: A structural approach to studying communication and media. Academy of Management Review, 17, 2 (1992), 299-326. • Orlikowski, W.J. Improvising organizational transformation over time: a situated change perspective. Information Systems Research, 7, 1 (1996), 63-67. • Orlikowski, W.J. Using technology and constituting structures: a practice lens for studying technology in organizations. Organization Science, 11, 4 (2000), 404-428.

  24. Collaboration TechnologyFuture of Collaboration • GSS without language barriers • Need for bridging the semantic gap • Distributed Collaboration • Facilitation problems • Trust, awareness for effective collaboration • Virtual Organizations

  25. Section IV: Economics of Informatics and IT

  26. Economics of Informatics & ITPresent Situation • There is a broad spectrum of work going on involving the Economics of Informatics. For simplicities sake, we’ve broken it out into three broad categories: • The Economics of Informatics – The Business Perspective, • The Economics of Informatics – The Market Perspective, and • The Economics of Informatics – The Developers Perspective. • These categories effectively cover the breadth of research. We did not use the term “e-Commerce” as it both includes other aspects of MIS and is poorly defined at best.

  27. Economics of InformaticsThe Business Perspective – The 80s • The exploration of the Economics if Informatics in business was truly launched in 1985 by Haim Mendelson and his seminal paper on Pricing Computer Services. “Pricing Computer Services – Queuing Effects.” Haim analyzed the economic costs of delays in data processing, and queuing, in a business context to evaluate the tradeoffs being made between information technology investments and internal business service levels. • This was rapidly followed by a 1986 paper from Timothy Bresnahan “Measuring The Spillovers From Technical Advance - Mainframe Computers In Financial Services” • Bresnahan sought to measure the social gains of Information Technology. By analyzing the demand curve and the willingness to pay for the high-speed computers used in financial services, he inferred the social gains computers and information technology could generate.

  28. Economics of InformaticsThe Business Perspective – The 90s • Early on it was difficult to quantify the economic advantages of IT Investments. Eric Clemons addressed alternative evaluation criteria in: “Evaluation of Strategic Investments in Information Technology” • The 90s saw an increasing tempo of activity, and the emergence of the “Productivity Paradox” Robert Solow, a Nobel Prize-winning economist, said we see computers everywhere, except in productivity statistics. This, despite spiraling investments is the “productivity paradox." • This observation was addressed by a number works, which refuted the finding at the firm level: • 1993 Eric Brynjolsson wrote “The Productivity Paradox of Information Technology,” • 1995 Tridas Mukhopadhyay, Charles H. Kriebel, and Anitesh Barua wrote “Information Technologies And Business Value - An Analytic And Empirical-investigation” • 1995 Tridas Mukhopadhyay also collaborated on the 1995 article “Business Value Of Information Technology - A Study Of Electronic Data Interchange.” • 1996 Eric Brynjolsson and Lorin Hitt write, “Paradox lost? Firm-level evidence on the returns to information systems spending.”

  29. Economics of InformaticsThe Market Perspective • The exploration of the Economics if Informatics in a market context was really founded by Thomas Malone with his seminal work "Electronic Markets and Electronic Hierarchies: Effects of Information Technology on Market Structure and Corporate Strategies." • Work continued in this field throughout the 80s and 90s, although there has been debate over when work is pure economics, and when it’s truly the economics if Informatics Technology. This debate still continues and has yet to be resolved, although there is some evidence that the split may come on the rigor-relevance spectrum. • In 1996 Carl Shapiro and Hal Varian published the following work in the Harvard Business Review to address specific issues surrounding marketing information, and the drive to commoditize it, in the information economy “Versioning: The smart way to sell information.”

  30. Economics of InformaticsThe Developers Perspective • This field of study has received significantly less attention than either the market or the business perspective. Few researchers attach it from an economic perspective, although the high costs of developing and implementing software systems have had significant business-wide impacts on corporations. • One individual who has focused on this area is Chris F. Kemerer, who in 1987 wrote “An Empirical Validation Of Software Cost Estimation Models.” This domain has also involved research into the relative economic benefits of alternative Information System development models such as object oriented-programming.

  31. Economics of InformaticsThe Future • There appears to be a growing consensus that Information Technology has a significant economic impact on firm-level performance, but that this is only slowly being seen at a national level. To date the segment of our economy which has benefited is small, and many effects need more scale to be fully realized and have a significant impact. • At the same time, the research into markets has been divided between pure economists and informatics researchers. Despite significant work being conducted in this area, seminal works have failed to appear and currently there is little agreement about who should be researching what. What does appear to be emerging is a distinction on the rigor / relevance scale, which makes sense given the applied nature of informatics, and we can expect to see this dividing line firm up and help create some boundaries. • There appears to either be few strong upcoming researchers in the field of the economics of systems development, or to be little interest in the field in general (or both). This is unfortunate given the staggering costs some businesses currently pay to implement technologies, which is so high in part due to the customization and development techniques utilized.

  32. Economics of Informatics & ITPeople & Papers Premier Authors and Key Papers • Yannis Bakos Stern School of Business • Bakos, Y., & Brynjolfsson, E. (1999). “Bundling information goods: Prices, profits, and efficiency.” Management Science, 45(12): 1613-1630. [14 Citations , 302 Google Web Sites] • Bakos, Y. (1998). “The Emerging Role of Electronic Marketplaces on the Internet.” Communications of the ACM 41 (8): 35-42. [45 Citations, 405 Google Web Sites] • Eric Brynjolsson Sloan School of Management • Brynjolfsson, E. (1993). “The Productivity Paradox of Information Technology.” Communications of the ACM 35(12): 66-77. [68 Citations, 483 Google Web Sites] • Brynjolfsson, E., & Hitt, L. (1996). “Paradox lost? Firm-level evidence on the returns to information systems spending.” Management Science, 42(4): 541-558. [68 citations, 278 Google Web Sites] • Bakos, Y., & Brynjolfsson, E. (1999). “Bundling Information Goods: Prices, Profits, And Efficiency.” Management Science, 45(12): 1613-1630. [14 citations, 302 Google Web Sites] • Erik K. Clemons The Wharton School • Clemons, Eric K. (1991). “Evaluation of Strategic Investments in Information Technology.” Communications of the ACM, 34(1): 22-36. [46 citations, 144 Google Web Sites] • Chris F. Kemerer Katz Graduate School of Business • Kemerer Cf (1987). “An Empirical Validation Of Software Cost Estimation Models.” Communications Of The ACM, 30 (5): 416-429. [98 Citations, 164 Google Web Sites]

  33. Economics of Informatics & ITPeople & Papers Premier Authors and Papers - Continued • Thomas W. Malone Sloan School of Management • Malone, T. W., Yates, J. and Benjamin, R. I. (1987) "Electronic Markets and Electronic Hierarchies: Effects of Information Technology on Market Structure and Corporate Strategies." Communications of the ACM, 30(6): 484-497. [259 citations, 191 Google Web Sites] • Haim Mendelson Sloan School of Management • Mendelson, H. (1985) “Pricing Computer Services – Queuing Effects.” Communications of the ACM, 28(3): 312-321. [41 citations, 17 Google Web Sites] • Carl Shapiro Haas School of Business • Shapiro, C., & Varian, H. R. (1998). “Versioning: The smart way to sell information.” Harvard Business Review, November-December. [5 Citations, 196 Google Web Sites] • Hal R. Varian Haas School of Business • Shapiro, C., & Varian, H. R. (1998). “Versioning: The smart way to sell information.” Harvard Business Review, November-December. [5 Citations, 196 Google Web Sites] • Andrew B. Whinston McCombs School of Business • Whinston, A. B., Kalakota, R. (1998). “Frontiers of Electronic Commerce” Addison-Wesley [1290 Google Web Sites] • Applegate, L. M., Holsapple, C. W., Kalakota, R., Radermacher, F. J., and Whinston, A. B. (1996). “Electronic commerce: building blocks of new business opportunity.” Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 6(1): 1-10. [49 Google Web Sites]

  34. Economics of Informatics & ITPeople & Papers Current Leaders in the Field - Authors and Key Papers • Anitesh Barua McCombs School of Business • Barua A, Kriebel Ch, Mukhopadhyay T (1995). “Information Technologies And Business Value - An Analytic And Empirical-investigation.” Information Systems Research, 6 (1): 3-23. [52 Citations, 102 Google Web Sites] • Timothy F. Bresnahan Stanford • Bresnahan, T.F. (1986). “Measuring The Spillovers From Technical Advance - Mainframe Computers In Financial Services.” American Economic Review, 76 (4): 742-755. [37 Citations, 77 Google Web Sites] • Vijay Gurbaxani University of California, Irvine • Gurbaxani V, Whang Sj (1991). “The Impact Of Information-systems On Organizations And Markets.” Communications Of The ACM, 34 (1): 59-73. [93 Citations, 293 Google Sites] • Lorin M. Hitt The Wharton School • Brynjolfsson, E., & Hitt, L. (1996). “Paradox lost? Firm-level evidence on the returns to information systems spending.” Management Science, 42(4): 541-558. [68 citations, 278 Google Web Sites] • Charles H. Kriebel Carnegie Mellon • Barua A, Kriebel Ch, Mukhopadhyay T (1995). “Information Technologies And Business Value - An Analytic And Empirical-investigation.” Information Systems Research, 6 (1): 3-23. [52 Citations, 102 Google Web Sites] • Tridas Mukhopadhyay Carnegie Mellon • Barua A, Kriebel Ch, Mukhopadhyay T (1995). “Information Technologies And Business Value - An Analytic And Empirical-investigation.” Information Systems Research, 6 (1): 3-23. [52 Citations, 102 Google Web Sites] • Mukhopadhyay T, Kekre S, Kalathur S (1995). “Business Value Of Information Technology - A Study Of Electronic Data Interchange.” MIS Quarterly, 19(2): 137-156. [52 Citations, 153 Google Web Sites]

  35. Section V: HCI & Psychology

  36. HCI & PsychologyOverview • HCI is a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them. • HCI & Psychology are at the interface of behavioral and technical research of MIS.

  37. Categories of HCI

  38. HCI & PsychologyKey People & Works • Ben Shneiderman • Ben Shneiderman. Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction. Addison Wesley, 1986. Published 1987 • Edward R. Tufte • E. Tufte. The VisualDisplay of QuantitativeInformation. Graphics Press, Cheshire, CT, 1983. • E. Tufte. EnvisioningInformation, Conneticut: Graphics Press, 1990

  39. HCI & PsychologyKey People & Works (cont’) • Jakob Nielsen • Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction. Addison Wesley, 1986. Published 1987 • Don Norman 1) • Norman, D. A., & Draper, S. (Eds.), (1986). User Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates • Norman, D. A. (1990). The design of everyday things. New York: Doubleday. (Paperback version of The psychology of everyday things, unchanged except for title.)

  40. HCI & PsychologyKey People & Works (cont’) • Stuart, K. Card • Brad Myers • George W. Furnas • Gavriel G. Salvendy • Brenda Laurel

  41. HCI & PsychologyOutlook • We expect a future for HCI with some of the following characteristics: • Ubiquitous communication. • High functionality systems. • Mass availability of computer graphics. • Mixed media. • High-bandwidth interaction. • Large and thin displays. • Embedded computation. • Group interfaces. • User Tailorability. • Information Utilities.

  42. In The FutureWe’ll All Be Harry Potter! • We're about to experience a world of magic where inanimate objects come alive, as if they had computational power, sensors, awareness, and connectivity.

  43. Section VI: KM, AI, & IR

  44. KM, AI, & IROverview • Knowledge Management (KM) the collection of systems and managerial approaches to creating, processing, and organizing the intellectual assets for business functions and decisions • Technology • Managerial approach

  45. KM, AI, & IROverview • Artificial Intelligence (AI) • Intelligent computer systems

  46. KM IR AI KM, AI, & IROverview • Information retrieval (IR) systems for indexing, searching, and recalling data, particularly text or other unstructured forms in a collection • KM, AI, IR relations

  47. KM, AI, & IRPeople & contributions in KM • Management theorists • Peter Senge, Peter F. Drucker • Ikujiro Nonaka • 1995,The Knowledge-Creating Company • “knowledge company” • Hirotaka Takeuchi

  48. KM, AI, & IRPeople & contributions in AI • Norbert Wiener • Cybernetics, 1948 • “all intelligent behavior was the result of feedback mechanisms” • Marvin Minsky • the first neural network computer, 1955

  49. KM, AI, & IRPeople & contributions in AI • Allen Newell • 1955, the logic theorist • General Problem Solver (GPS) • Herbert Simon • John McCarthy • The Dartmouth summer workshop on artificial intelligence • LISP programming language

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