Unit 3: Age of Exchange

1. Unit 3: Age of Exchange By Alexa Berry, Samantha Liebensohn, JuliannaShalhoub

2. Islam Geography • The religion of Islam started in Arabia • The clans provided support for each other because of the conditions that occurred in the desert. • Some areas consisted of fertile soil and water supplies in communities, which helped people farm. • Arabs had selected to settled by a market town. Other settlers from the west coast of Arabia also became market towns, resulting in long-distance trade. • The trade routes ran from the south to the north of Arabia. • The items that were traded consisted of spices, and incense, along with information. For example, ideas from outside of Arabia.

3. Islam Religion • In the Islam religion they were monotheistic , they believed in one God; Allah • The Muslims had a religious book called the Qur’an • The Muslim belief is that Muhammad was very interested in religions, and one day when he was praying outside of cave by Mecca, a voice that belonged the angel Gabriel, came and spoke to him. After this, Muhammad went on to teach people about Allah by preaching in Mecca publicly. • Muhammad moved on to Islam which became a famous migration, Hijrah. When Muhammad returned to Mecca, may people joined his Muslim religious community.

4. Five Pillars • Faith: In the Muslim religion they must swear under oath to obey the statement, “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.” • Prayer: The Muslim traditions requires people to face Mecca and pray five times a day, in their homes or in a mosque, or where ever they like. • Alms: Muslims were taught to have responsibility and to care for others. As a result, they give out alms, and money to the poor to help them, just as they were taught by Muhammad. • Fasting: Muslims fast which shows that there are more appreciated of their spiritual lives rather than their everyday life. The Muslims fast between dawn and sunset during their Holy Month. • Pilgrimage: All Muslims must make the pilgrimage to Mecca if they can.

5. Islam’s Golden Age • Muslim influence had attracted people from various places • Damascus was the center of Islamic learning and other cities soon grew around power centers symbolizing the strength of the caliphate • The major capital city of Abbasid was Baghdad • It’s population consisted of four social classes including Muslim at birth, people who converted to Islam, the “protected people” which had Christians, Jews and Zoroastrians, and slaves • Women had equal rights and were considered equal as believers

6. Islam’s Golden Age Achievements • Art and Literature: • calligraphy- the art of beautiful handwriting • poetry- celebrated ideas of bravery, love, generosity, and hospitality • no pictures of Muhammad • House of Wisdoms- combination of a library, academy, and translation center • Math and Science: • Algebra • medical advances- C-section • astronomy- observed stars, comets, and planets

7. Islam and Islam’s golden age vocabulary • Caliph- a supreme political/religious leader in Muslim government • Hajj- a pilgrimage to Mecca, preformed as a duty by Muslims • Hijrah- Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Yathrib • Mosque- an Islamic place of worship

8. Byzantine Empire • 527A.D.: Justinian succeeded his uncle from throne in in 533A.D. he sent Belisarius to recover North Africa • Justinian soon ruled almost all the territory Rome did • The emperors ruled with absolute power- controlling the states and church • Justinian built the Hagia Sophia(meaning “Holy Wisdom” in Greek) and it’s considered the most splendid church in the Christian • Constantinople became the capital • Justinian died in 565 causing the empire to suffer

9. Byzantine Empire • After Justinian’s death, there was riots, palace intrusions, religious quarrels, and foreign dangers • Problems included: • A disease similar to the bubonic plague which in 542 killed 10,000 people each day • Foreign enemies attacked from the east and west and the Byzantine empire used bribes, military power, political marriages, and diplomacy • The church split(western and eastern) • “the Christian…should not be desirous money, nor treasure up on unnecessary things to no avail.” –Saint Basil

10. Byzantine Empire timeline

11. Byzantine Empire:Justinian Code • The Justinian Code is the uniform code created by the panel • If consisted of four works including the: • Codex: contained nearly 5,000 Roman laws that were still considered useful for the Byzantine Empire. • Digest: quoted and summarized the opinions of Rome’s greatest legal thinkers about the laws. (50 volumes) • Institutes: textbook that told law students how to use the law • Novellae: (New Laws) presented legalism passed after 534

12. Byzantine Empire vocabulary • Excommunication- the taking away of a person’s right of membership in a Christian church • Icon- a religious image used by eastern Christians • Patriarch- a principal bishop in the eastern branch of Christianity

13. China’s golden age • The Han Dynasty fell in 220 A.D. and no emperor was strong enough to save it • Many other dynasties tried to hold China together but failed over the next 350 years • 589 A.D.: Northern and Southern China became untied by Wendy and as a result a strong central government was created • The Tang and Song dynasty ruled during the Golden Age of China • China was known to be the richest and most advanced country at the time

14. China’s Golden age Achievements • Science, Technology, and Math: • the moveable typewriter- typed a page of individual characters • gun powder- many explosive weapons such as bombs, grenades, small rockets, and cannons • porcelain • clock • paper money • magnetic compass • arithmetic • algebra • use of negative numbers

15. China’s Golden age Achievements • Agriculture and Trade: • rice was an important crop because it feed the rapid growing population • Vietnam imported a new type of rice that grew fast • Silk Road was used to trade • when the compass was developed they used ocean trade • Buddhism spread from China to Japan and Vietnam

16. China’s Golden age Achievements • Art and Literature: • Poetry- poets wrote about life’s pleasures, war and Confuism. For example, Li Bo and Tu Fu • Painters painted about Daoist influences and natural landscapes • A lot of Chinese painters used black ink

17. Mongols • Conquest • Under the rule of Genghis Khan the Mongols conquered Asia • 1225: the Mongols controlled central Asia • Genghis Khan was a smart strategist but cruel and died in 1227 • The Mongols then conquered from China to Poland and invaded North China and Korea • The PaxMongolica was known as the Mongol peace from the 1200s to the 1300s

18. Mongols • Empire: • Kublai Khan became emperor and created the Yuan dynasty • He united China and was their greatst emperor • He opened China to greater trade but failed to take over Japan • When the Yuan dynasty fell, the empire disintegrated

19. China’s golden age and the Mongols vocabulary • Bubonic Plague- a deadly disease that spread across Asia and Europe in the mid-1400th century killing millions of people

20. Feudalism in Europe • As a result of the invasions of the Vikings, Magyars and Muslims, the Europeans lived in fear and danger and created Feudalism • The system was based on protection, rights and obligations people have. For example, the lord gave land to a vassal in exchange for his military protection • People social status’s were effected by the Feudal system • The lord’s house was called a manor. The manor was part of the arrangement that the lord made to his serfs. • The manor was self-sufficient because it provided for itself. This is because it provided protection, farmland, and resting to its residents.

21. Feudalism in Europe vocabulary • Fief- an estate granted to a vassal by a lord under the feudal system in medieval Europe • Knight- in medieval Europe, an armored warrior who fought on horseback • Lord- in feudal Europe, a person who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals • Manor- a lord’s estate in feudal Europe • Serf- a medieval peasant legally bound to live on a lord’s estate • Tithe- a family’s payment of one-tenth of its income to a church • Vassal- in feudal Europe, a person who received a grant of land from a lord in exchange for a pledge of loyalty and services

22. Roman catholic church • The pope took all order • Many people practiced sacraments which brought people together and created a stable environment • This allowed people to worship their religion and the church developed laws • Some people think that the kings shouldn’t have all the power • As a result King Henry IV called a meeting because he didn’tagree with others and Pope Gregory VII • In the end, Gregory excommunicated Henry

23. The Crusades • Pope Urban II called for a crusade to gain control of the Holy Land from the Muslims • The crusades had won a strip of land from Edessain to the north of Jerusalem • Edessain was taken back by the Turks in 1114. As a result, the crusades went back to conquer the land but failed. • 1204: the attempt to capture Jerusalem failed. As a result, they didn’t win back the Holy Land but got Constantiople instead • The Spanish crusades: • the Spanish controlled most of the land until the Reconquista came and drove most of the Muslims out of Spain • to bring back their country and their religion, Christianity, they created an inquisition which was made to stop heresy

24. The Crusades

25. The Crusades: Map

26. tHE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE CRUSADES VOCABULARY • Three-field system- a system of farming develop in Medieval Europe in which farmland was divided into three fields of size and each of these was successfully planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop and left unplanted. • Crusade- one of the expeditions in which medieval Christian warriors sought to recover control of the Holy Land from the Muslims • Gothic- relating a style of church architect that developed in Medieval Europe • Guild- a medieval association of people working at the same occupation which controlled its members wages and prices • Inquisition- a Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy

27. tHE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE CRUSADES VOCABULARY(cont.) • Lay Investiture- the appointment of religious officials by kings and nobles • Reconquista- the effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain lasting from the 1100s to 1492 • Sacrament- one of the Christian ceremonies in which God’s grace is transmitted to people • Simony- the selling or buying of positions in a Christian church • Vernacular- the everyday language of people in a region or country

28. Required Vocabulary • Aristocracy- a government in which power is on the hands of a heredity ruling class or nobility • Autocracy- a government in which the ruler has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner • Bureaucracy- a system of departments and agencies formed to carry out the work of government • Century- a period of one hundred years • Civilization- a form of culture characterized by cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping and advanced for it • Command economy- an economic system in which the government makes all the economic decisions • Cultural diffusion- the spreading of ideas and products from one culture to another

29. Required Vocabulary(cont.) • Democracy- a government controlled by its citizens, either directly or through representatives • Dictatorship- a political ruler given absolute power to make laws and command the army for a limited time • Dynasty- a series of rulers from a single family • Empire- a political unit in which a number of or countries are controlled by a single ruler • Equator- an imaginary line drawn around the earth equally distant from both poles, dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheres • Golden Age- a time of peace and prosperity with little to no wars; advances in art, science, literature, and economy

30. Required Vocabulary(cont.) • Latitude- the angular distance of a place north or south of the earth’s equator • Longitude- the angular distance of a place east or west of the meridian at Greenwich • Market economy- a capitalistic economic system in which there is free competition and prices • Mixed economy- an economy in which there are elements of both public and private enterprise • Monarch- a government in which power is in the hands of a single person • Monotheism- a belief in a single god • Oligarchy- a government in which power is in the hands of few people

31. Required Vocabulary(cont.) • Polytheism- a belief in many gods • Prime meridian- meridian running through Greenwich, England, from which longitude east and west is recorded • Republic- government is which the power is in the hands of representatives and leaders elected by citizens • Theocracy- ruler is viewed as a divine figure • Topography- detailed map/chart of features of a small area • Scribe- professional record keepers in early civilizations

32. Review quiz 1) How many gods did the Islams believe in?

33. Review quiz One

34. Review quiz 2) What is the name of the Islamic god?

35. Review quiz Allah

36. Review quiz 3) What is the name of the annual trip taken by the people of Islam?

37. Review quiz Mecca

38. Review quiz 4) Why was rice an important agricultural advance?

39. Review quiz It speed production

40. Review quiz 5) What is the art of beautiful handwriting?

41. Review quiz calligraphy

42. Review quiz 6) Where can you find a picture of Muhammad?

43. Review quiz There are no pictures of Muhammad

44. Review quiz 7) What was the capital city of Abbasid?

45. Review quiz Baghdad

46. Review quiz 8) What famous church did Justinian build?

47. Review quiz The Hagia Sophia

48. Review quiz 9) What were the four parts of the Justinian code?

49. Review quiz Codex, Digest, Institutes, Novellae

50. Review quiz 10) What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire?