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Lecture 8A

Lecture 8A. APUSH – Chapters 23, 24, 25. “Every man that tried to destroy this nation was a Democrat. …The man that assassinated Abraham Lincoln was a Democrat. …Soldiers, every scar you have on your heroic bodies was given you by a Democrat!” - Republican campaigner, 1876 election.

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Lecture 8A

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  1. Lecture 8A APUSH – Chapters 23, 24, 25

  2. “Every man that tried to destroy this nation was a Democrat. …The man that assassinated Abraham Lincoln was a Democrat. …Soldiers, every scar you have on your heroic bodies was given you by a Democrat!” - Republican campaigner, 1876 election

  3. The End of Reconstruction1872-1877

  4. President Ulysses S. Grant Reconstruction fades over the course of the two terms of the Grant administration

  5. The Force Acts President Grant throws full support behind: The Enforcement Act, 1870 The Second Enforcement Act, 1871 The Third Enforcement Act (a.k.a., Ku Klux Klan Act), 1872

  6. Duration of Republican Rule in the Ex-Confederate States * Admitted before the start of congressional reconstruction

  7. The Supreme Court & Reconstruction Court rulings in the 1870s play a role in weakening northern support for Reconstruction

  8. The Slaughterhouse cases1873 The Supremes weigh in on the 13th and 14th amendments

  9. Further dismantling of Reconstruction by the Supremes Ex parte Milligan (1866): Special military courts to enforce the Supplementary Freedman’s Bureau Act doomed U.S. v. Reese (1876): the 15th Amendment did not “confer the right of suffrage upon anyone” U.S. v. Cruikshank (1876): the 14th Amendment prohibited the encroachment on individual rights by a state, not by other individuals 1883: The Civil Rights Act of 1875 and the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 invalidated

  10. “We are in a very hot political contest just now, with a good prospect of turning out the carpetbag thieves by whom we have been robbed for the past six to ten years.” - A Mississippi planter in a letter to his daughter, 1875

  11. Redemption in the South

  12. The Presidential Election of 1876 Republican Rutherford B. Hayes v. Democrat Samuel J. Tilden

  13. The Compromise of 1877 Hayes takes the White House; U.S. troops are withdrawn from the South; Democrats gain control of southern states

  14. Voting Restrictions for African Americans in the South, 1889-1950’s

  15. 1896: Plessyv. Ferguson- The doctrine of “separate but equal” - Homer Adolph Plessy (Note: He was “7/8 white”)

  16. South’s Backlash1 Lynchings of Whites/Blacks 0 to 20 20 to 60 60 to 100 100 to 200 200 or more

  17. JC laws/map Segregated 1% of Blacks integrated Less than 5% integrated 25% or more integrated

  18. Turn & Talk • Consider the dismantling of Reconstruction and “redemption” of the South in the years following the Civil War, and their consequences for southern African Americans. If you could capture the main ideas/themes in one headline, what would it say? • Craft a headline with a partner, and be prepared to share.

  19. The Gilded Agec. 1865-1890 The title of Mark Twain’s 1873 novel captures the essence of the decades following the Civil War’s end

  20. The Gilded Age • Political aspects • Economic aspects • Social aspects

  21. Gilded Age Politics1870s & 1880s Shapers of American Politics Major Issues The nature and size of the money supply Civil-service reform • Geography • Ethnicity • Economic interests • Myriad state and local issues

  22. Political Machines in the Gilded Age The epitome: William M. “Boss” Tweed of New York City, who ran Tammany Hall

  23. “Waving the bloody shirt”

  24. President Ulysses S. GrantRepublican1869-1877 End of Reconstruction The Panic of 1873 Political scandals, corruption

  25. Panic of 1873

  26. Grant Administration and Republican Party scandals … CréditMobilier scandal the most notorious – VP Schuyler Colfax embarrasses the White House Grant is portrayed as an acrobat held aloft by the "Whiskey Ring" and Navy Ring" while carrying his cronies with a strap marked "corruption." Appeared in Puck magazine, 1880, artist: Joseph Ferdinand Keppler

  27. Two Republican FactionsKey issue: Distribution of patronage jobs “Stalwarts” Half-Breeds More moderate regarding the South; “liberal” Supported civil service reform Led by Senator James G. Blaine of Maine • Opposed to easing up on the South; “traditional” • Opposed civil service reform • Led by Senator Roscoe Conkling of New York

  28. The Political Parties in Cartoons Thomas Nast, cartoonist

  29. President Rutherford B. Hayes, Republican1877-1881 Compromise of 1877 Restored respect for the presidency

  30. President James GarfieldRepublican1881 The new president was assassinated by office-seeker Charles J. Guiteau only two months after the inauguration

  31. President Chester ArthurRepublican1881-1885 Garfield’s Vice President ascends to the presidency following Garfield’s death Supports civil service reform, much to the Stalwart’s surprise

  32. Pendleton Civil Service Act, 1883 Created a professional civil service in the U.S. federal government Initially, only about 12% of federal civil service positions affected Applicants were required to be assessed for their knowledge, competence, and qualifications for civil service jobs (as opposed to being given a position simply because of political favors, etc.) Government workers could not make campaign contributions (political parties became more dependent upon corporate donors as a result)

  33. President Grover Cleveland, Democrat1885-1889 & 1893-1897 New York’s Democratic reform-minded governor Pursued lower tariffs Challenged the GAR and big business Of Note: Cleveland gains Republican “Mugwump” support in 1884 election

  34. An American Veterans Interest Group:The GAR“Grand Army of the Republic”

  35. President Benjamin Harrison, Republican1889-1893 GAR pension rolls increased from 670,000 to nearly a million First “Billion-Dollar Congress” Silver Purchase Act, 1890 Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 1890 McKinley Tariff, which pushed rates to an all-time high, 1890

  36. Harrison in cartoons

  37. President Grover Cleveland, Democrat1885-1889 & 1893-1897 Panic of 1893; depression would last until 1897 Drain of U.S. Treasury’s gold reserve; repeal of Silver Purchase Act Bankers’ loans end drain on gold reserve, but at a price In 1894, “Coxey’s Army” marches on Washington, D.C. Cleveland uses federal troops to quell 1894 Pullman strike

  38. The Populists shake the 1896 election The third party takes over the Democrats, and divides the vote

  39. President William McKinley, Republican1897-1901

  40. Turn & Talk • If you could sum up the political aspects of the Gilded Age in three words or three phrases, what would they be? • Think about it, write your three items down, and be prepared to share with a partner.

  41. The Gilded Age • Political aspects • Economic aspects • Social aspects

  42. Six Features of Modern Industrial America, post 1865 Exploitation of immense coal deposits, as a source of cheap energy The rapid spread of technological innovation and the factory system The need for enormous numbers of new workers who could be carefully controlled The constant pressure on firms to compete tooth-and-nail by cutting costs and prices, as well as to eliminate rivals and create monopolies The relentless drop in price levels The failure of the money supply to keep pace with productivity, which drove up interest rates and restricted the availability of credit

  43. The Railroads Boom

  44. The Railroads Lead the Way

  45. The Railroads Introduce Time Zones

  46. Turn & Talk • Pretend you’ve been hired by railroad magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt in the 1880s to promote the benefits of the railroads to Americans. What advertising or campaign slogan would you propose to educate people about the contributions railroads have made to American life? • Write down an idea, and be prepared to share it with a partner.

  47. Railroad Giants Cornelius Vanderbilt Jay Gould

  48. Laissez-faire vs. Government Regulation An uneasy balance

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