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Learn about the important components of the construction process, including the foundation (footings, walls) and frame (sill plates, joists, studs, headers, rafters). Explore different types of foundations and frames used in house construction.
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The Foundation 1. Anchor bolts 2. Sill sealer 4. Sill plate 5. Foundation wall 6. Footing 3. Rebar
1. Anchor bolts 2. Sill sealer 4. Sill plate 5. Foundation wall
The FOUNDATION of a House • The underlying base of the house • Consists of footings and foundation walls • Footings are usually concrete and reinforced with rebar.
Basement • Best on land with a steep grade • Makes getting to the mechanics of the house easy • Safest place in house in case of a storm.
Crawl Space • Best for land with small grade • Can be used for storage • Makes pipes and wiring under the house easy to get to.
Slab • Most economical if land is “on grade” (almost flat) • There is no space under the house like in a basement or crawlspace.
The Frame 1. Double top plate 2. Stud 8. Header 3. Header 4. Window opening 9. Door opening 10. Header joist 5. Rim Joist 14. Sole Plate 15. Sub floor 11. Sill plate 6. Floor Joist 12. Sill sealer 7. Girder 13. Foundation
The FRAME of a House • The skeleton (bones) of the house • Built on top of the foundation walls.
Sill Plates: The first piece of lumber, bolted to the foundation, and supports the outside walls.
Girder: Horizontal board that supports the load of the floor joists
Subflooring: Plywood sheets nailed directly to the floor joist • Squeaky floors are usually a sign of problems with the subflooring.
Wall Frame • Built on top of the floor frame • Made from vertical 2x4’s or 2x6’s called STUDS and horizontal pieces called PLATES.
Headers: beams that carry the load of the structure over doors and windows.
3. Ridge Board 4. Rafter 5. Ceiling Joist 1. Double top plate 2. Studs
Roof Frame • Made of a series of beams, called RAFTERS • RAFTERS support the weight of the roof and go from the exterior walls to the ridge.
TRUSS RAFTERS: triangular framework for the roof; assembled at a factory and delivered to the site.
Footings Foundations Wall Frames Roof Frames