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May 2007

Mercury Biochemistry and its Relationship to Neurological Diseases Dr. Boyd Haley Professor Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky. May 2007. VISUALIZATION OF MERCURY EMITTING FROM A DENTAL AMALGAM. From: www. uninformed concent.com David Kennedy’s IAOMT tape

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May 2007

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  1. Mercury Biochemistry and its Relationship to Neurological Diseases Dr. Boyd HaleyProfessor Department of ChemistryUniversity of Kentucky May 2007

  2. VISUALIZATION OF MERCURY EMITTING FROM A DENTAL AMALGAM • From: www. uninformed concent.com • David Kennedy’s IAOMT tape IN SPITE OF THE OBVIOUS EMISSION OF Hg VAPORS FROM DENTAL AMALGAM THE FDA HAS STEADFASTLY REFUSED TO TEST THEM FOR SAFETY!

  3. IAOMT AMALGAM STUDY PROCEDURE • Nine dentists across the USA volunteered to make 10 cylindrical, one spill amalgams in a provided plexiglass mold. • The IAOMT provided new amalgam kits directly from the manufacturers to each dentist. • The amalgams in the molds were sent to Dr. Haley at the University of Kentucky for Hg analysis. • The amalgams were allowed to age for over one month to eliminate any surface mercury. • The amalgams were placed in 10 ml of distilled water which was changed daily. • Aliquots of this water were removed at days indicated and analyzed for mercury content.

  4. MA 2000 Nippon Direct Mercury Analyzer

  5. ? DeRouen et al. JAMA 295, 1784-92, 2006

  6. ELEVATED MERCURY IN IDIOPATHIC DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY (IDCM).WHERE DOES THE Hg COME FROM? LEVELS ng/g Hg Sb Controls 8.0 1.5 IDCM 178,400 19.260 Frustaci et al., J. of American College of Cardiology, 33, (6) 1578, 1999. Controls were patients with valvular or ischemic heart disease. ATHLETIC YOUTH DIE OF IDCM. WHY HASN’T NIH REQUESTED PROPOSALS FOR RESEARCH TO STUDY THIS?? THIS IS PROOF THAT MERCURY CAN CONCENTRATE IN SPECIFIC TISSUES OR ORGANS OF THE BODY, EVEN IF Hg BLOOD LEVELS ARE FOUND TO BE IN THE NORMAL RANGE.

  7. The previous slide shows that prolonged exposure to mercury vapor decreases the child’s ability to excrete mercury through their kidneys. • This is consistent with the well known toxic effects of mercury on kidneys. • This explanation is consistent with the reports by the EPA and National Academy of Sciences that 8 to10% of American women have such high Hg body levels that would render increased susceptibility to neurological damage any child they would give birth to.

  8. Current Situation • Drugs use to treat behavioral disorders (autism, ADHD) has increased dramatically (369%) in the recent past to where we now spend more on these drugs than we do on antibiotics and asthma drugs for children. • The USA now spends more on drugs to treat ADHD than it does on antibiotics and asthma drugs. • 1 of 6 children in the USA have a diagnosed neurodevelopmental problem according to the CDC. About 1 in 166 have autism. • We have a major problem! • Yet, our FDA, CDC, NIH and AMA ignore the effects of dental and medical induced exposures to mercury.

  9. Axonal Transport - A Process Essential for the Survival of Neurons Dendrite Membrane Bound Organelle Axon Dynien Microtubule Kinesin

  10. EDTA Prevents Cd, Cu & Zn But Not Hg Inhibition of [32P]8N3GTP Photolabeling of Brain ß-Tubulin

  11. HgEDTA Induces Aberrant [32P]8N3GTP-ß-Tubulin Interactions Indicative of AD Normal Brain without and with Hg2+. Alzheimer’s Disease Brain

  12. Pink Disease/Acrodynia • Affected 1 in 500 children in late 1800s until about 1940. • Cause was mercurous chloride (calomel) in teething powers. • Elimination of these mercury containing teething powders eliminated this disease. • Therefore, it is very plausible that low level exposure to mercury at an early age could cause a neurological disease. • Note: Ethylmercury is many times more toxic than mercurous chloride. Lethality is not an absolute measurement of all toxic effects.

  13. Thimerosal Is Composed of Thiosalicylic Acid And Ethyl Mercury, A Known Neurotoxicant • 1. The Merck Index, 12th ed., p. 1590, #9451 (1996). • 2. Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed., 804 (1993).

  14. Organ Mercury Levels in Infants with Omophaloceles Treated with Thimerosal.Fagan et al. Archives of Disease in Childhood 52, 962-64, 1977 • Between 1969-75, 13 cases were treated, 10 died. Mercury analysis of organs ranged from 65 to 2,700 times normal levels. This appears to be from 9 to 48 topical applications of 0.1% thimerosal applications. NOTE; These children were most likely on antibiotics. Consider the effect on their immune system! • “Paradoxically, (in another study) 3 infants exposed postnatally (Iraq, Methyl-Hg by ingestion) did not exhibit signs or symptoms, though their blood levels were >1,000ppb, and one was >1,500ppb.” No antibiotics involved! Blood levels are not a measure of toxicity. • CONCLUSION IN 1977: “Organic mercurial antiseptics should be heavily restricted or withdrawn from hospital use, and the fact that mercury readily penetrates intact membranes and is highly toxic seems to have been forgotten.” • Result: Mercurochrome and Merthiolate was removed from the market by the FDA due to their inherent toxicity to infants.

  15. THE BIG MISTAKE! • YET SOME INDIVIDUALS AT THE CDC AND FDA DECIDED IT WAS OK TO INJECT THIMEROSAL INTO A NEWBORN INFANT AT LEVELS THAT WOULD BE EPA SAFE IF THE INFANT WEIGHED 275 POUNDS! • The EPA “safe level” was based on mercury exposure from eating fish and whale meat. • Most of the heavy metal protection in humans is in the intestinal area as we evolved eating and drinking contaminated food and water. This is bypassed on injection of thimerosal or breathing mercury vapor.

  16. Table 1. US Department of Education statistics on autism in children aged 6-21 served by Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) • State 1992-1993 2001-2002 % Increase • Alabama 68 904 1,229 • Alaska 8 223 2,687 • Arizona 199 1,348 577 • Arkansas 30 774 2,480 • California 1,605 13,257 726 • Colorado 14 538 3,743 • Connecticut 164 1,470 796 • Delaware 15 294 1,860 • District of Columbia 0 144 - • Florida 582 4,328 644 • Georgia 262 2,462 840 • Hawaii 52 380 631 • Idaho 39 356 813 • Illinois 5 3,802 75,940 • Indiana 273 3,262 1,095 • Iowa 67 554 727 • Kansas 74 743 904 • Kentucky 38 1,022 2,589 • Louisiana 409 1,297 217 • Maine 37 552 1,392 • Maryland 28 2,396 8,457 • Massachusetts 493 2,681 444 • Michigan 288 4,719 1,538 • Minnesota 296 3,270 1,005 • Mississippi 0 461 • Missouri 336 1,953 481

  17. Thimerosal is toxic to tubulin and actin. Combinations of Hg2+ and thimerosal would be at least additive.

  18. Observation • Thimerosal, or ethyl-mercury, is a potent and rapid inhibitor of many enzymes necessary for human health. • Thimerosal or ethyl-mercury does not have to break down to Hg2+ to be toxic to these enzymes or structural proteins. • The inhibition of tubuline polymerization would disrupt neuronal connections and prevent the mitotic spindle formation needed for immune cell division. The latter would induce an immune system suppression.

  19. MOST VACCINES CONTAIN TRACES OF THIMEROSAL EVEN IF IT IS NOT ADDED AS A PRESERVATIVE. The vaccine thimerosal concentration was (is) 125,000 to 250,000 nanomolar!

  20. INCREASEDNEURON DEATH DR. MARK LOVELL’S LAB

  21. SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS IS QUITE COMPLEX AND CAN GREATLY ENHANCE THE TOXICTY OF MERCURY Shubert et al. Combined Effects in Toxicology--A Rapid systematic Testing Procedure:Cadmium, Mercury & Lead. J. of Toxicology & Environmental Health 4:763, 1978. “the administration of an essentially no response level (LD1) of a mercury salt together with a 1/20 of the LD1 of a lead salt killed all of the animals.” 2. “Generally, a combination was synergistic when the most toxic member was present at or near its LD1 dose in the presence of a much less toxic member.” Conclusion: Mixing borderline toxic levels of two toxic metals (Pb2+ & Hg2+) makes an extremely toxic solution.

  22. SYNERGISTIC TOXICITIES Al:NEOMYCIN:TESTOSTERONE EFFECTS 50 NANOMOLAR THIMEROSAL DR. MARK LOVELL COLLABORATOR +TESTOSTERONE

  23. Recent Publication On Thimerosal Exposure and Neurological Disorders: Autism Effects of Thimerosal on Nerve Growth Factor Signal Transduction and Cell Death in Neuroblastoma Cells. Parran et al., Toxicological Sciences, 2005. Data demonstrated that thimerosal could alter NGF-induced signaling at concentrations lower than those causing neuronal death. Therefore, the neurons growth and properties could be impeded at exceptionally low levels of thimerosal without killing the neurons.

  24. Estradiol Reduces Cumulative Mercury and Associated Disturbances in the Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis of Ovariectomized Rats. Oliveria et al. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety Jan.10, 2006 • Methyl-mercury induced a decrease in LHRH in the medial hypothalmus and a decrease in plasma levels of LH. These decreases in LHRH and LH were abolished by estrogenic replacement therapy. • “The estrogenic effects were associated with a reduction of mercury content of the anterior pituitary gland and medial hypothalmus, suggesting a protective estrogenic effect.”

  25. Observations • The toxicity of Hg2+ and thimerosal is dramatically enhanced by other heavy metals, antibiotics and testosterone. • It appears as if infants are much more susceptible to mercury toxicity than more mature individuals. • Female hormone prevents mercury retention and damage in certain areas of the brain.

  26. Mercury Effects on the Immune System • The mitotic spindle is built on tubulin quite similar to that found in axons of neurons. Therefore, since the cells of the immune system must divide for an effective immune response Hg inhibits this and actively suppresses the immune system. • Thimerosal is a very potent inhibitor ofphagocytosis by mononuclear phagocytes, inhibiting the process at low nanomolar levels. (Rampersad et al., Transfusion 45(3):384-93,2005). This prevents removal of microbes and ethyl-Hg damaged cells and proteins leading to greater susceptibility for microbe infection and widespread autoimmune problems.

  27. INNATE VERSUS ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY • Innate immunity is the immunity infants are born with and refers to antigen-nonspecific defense used to kill micobes by ingestion and digestion by white cells (neutrophils and macrophages), the first step is PHAGOCYTOSIS, which is shut down by levels of thimerosal reported to be 1nm. • After phagocytosis the dissembled microbe parts are released by the macrophage to the B-cells of the immune system which presents them to the T-cells for production of antibodies to the microbe antigenic sites. This is the adaptive immunity part, where specific antibodies are made against the specific microbe. • Bottom line, a newborn infant freshly injected with thimerosal cannot take advantage of innate immunity due to blockage of phagocytosis and consequently will have impaired adaptive immunity for some time period.

  28. Epidemiological Studies • A study on seven-year-old children in the Faeroe Islands found that blood pressure problems increased with decreased blood Hg. This implies retention toxicity effects of Hg in this comparison. • In the Sechylles study of >700 children, boys with higher levels of hair mercury performed better on some tests as the Boston Naming test. This implies that ability to excrete increases hair Hg levels, not exposure, in this comparison. • CONCLUSION: Blood and hair Hg levels are not a measure of exposure at low levels, but rather a measure of both exposure and ability to excrete mercury.

  29. MERCURY BIRTH HAIR LEVELS VS. AMALGAM FILLINGS IN AUTISTIC AND CONTROL GROUPS Hair Hg level (mcg/g) Data from A. Holmes, M. Blaxill & B. Haley, Int. J. of Toxicology v22, 2003 Controls Autistic Number of amalgams: 4-5 6-7 8-9 >10 0-3 2.64 Control: autistic ratio: 6.93 6.70 6.32 17.91 N: 22 29 30 43 15

  30. Female Male BIRTH-HAIR MERCURY OF AUTISTIC VS. CONTROL GROUPS HIGH Hair Hg level (ppm) AMALGAM COUNT Data from Amy Holmes, Mark Blaxill & Boyd Haley, Int. J. Toxicology v22, in press, 2003 LOW Non-autistic Mean=3.79 n=34 Autistic Mean=0.47 n=94

  31. Birth-Hair Hg Levels In Infants From Mothers With More Than Eight Amalgams • Data (Hg ppm) was selected from only mothers who had 8 to 15 amalgam fillings to determine if these extremes showed a more definite trend on the differences between autistic and normal infants. The ratio was 12:1.

  32. Female Male BIRTH-HAIR MERCURY BY SEVERITY OF AUTISM Hair Hg level (ppm) Data from Amy Holmes, Mark Blaxill & Boyd Haley, Int. J. Tocicology v22, in press, 2003. Mild Mean=0.71 n=27 Moderate Mean=0.46 n=43 Severe Mean=0.21 n=24

  33. Observation • Autistic infants in utero appear to have an impaired ability to excrete mercury when compared to normal children! • New concept: Low mercury levels in the hair and blood do not imply lack of toxic mercury exposure or retention in the body!

  34. The involvement of the 2004 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report. • The 2004 IOM committee was funded by the CDC. • The 2004 IOM report cleared thimerosal as being involved in autism and recommended that no further research be done on this issue. • The 2004 IOM report was based only on 5 epidemiological studies of questionable value. • The 2004 IOM report totally dismissed the basic science research on thimerosal toxicity and the resultant aberrant biochemistry possibly caused by mercury-like toxicity reported by several research scientists. • Genetic studies were suggested yet the 2007 Autism Geneome Project could find no definitive genetic linkage to autism causation. • A recent congressionally requested NIH committee looked at the 2004 IOM report and, in my opinion, gave it a very bad evaluation.

  35. Pre-IOM 2004 Science On Hg Exposure and Autism • Holmes et al. showing that autistic infants do not excrete mercury as effectively as do normal children. • Wakefield studies on increased measles virus in intestines of autistics. • Results from Dr. Bradstreet on increased Hg body burden of autistics. • Early clinical Results of Drs. Stepanie Cave & Amy Holmes using DMPS to successfully treat autism. • Results of Dr. Mady Horning on thimerosal inducing autism like symptoms in mice susceptible to autoimmune disease. • Results of Dr. Richard Deth with regards to methyl-B12 production. • Results of Dr. Jill James on reduced GSH levels in autistics. • Epidemiological studies of Dr. Mark and David Geier. • The Institute of Medicine totally dismissed all of these biological studies plus others and did not present any results to counter the above studies, and based their opinion primarily on epidemiological studies done by those with a conflicting interest using invalid data bases. • Read “Evidence of Harm by David Kirby” and the Safe Minds website for Freedom of Information Act materials.

  36. Who did the Epidemiological Studies the IOM depended on?? • The Verstraten studies at first showed autism rates were enhanced by thimerosal exposure. All the CDC data was lost or destroyed after it was published. Verstraten now works for a major vaccine producer in Europe. • Two studies were done by Danish (Madsen and Hviid) who worked for the Stantens Serum Institute (SSI). SSI makes thimerosal containing vaccines and sells them to other countries because they are not allowed to be used in Denmark since 1992. • One study was done in England by E. Miller. After her results were made known to the IOM the National Health Service removed thimerosal from English vaccines. • Troubling, that the opinion of the FDA is based totally on foreign, conflicted opinions. Why couldn’t the CDC find epidemiologists in the USA to do these studies??? • A recent call by the IOM to discuss possible environmental causes of autism in 2007 explicitly excludes vaccine considerations.

  37. Autism Risks From 5 Sequential Studies by Verstraten et al. of CDC Study1 Study2 Study3 Study4 Study5 7.62 (1999) 2.48 1.69 1.52 (2001) 1.00* (2005) Simpsonwood Meeting *i.e., no increased risk of autism compared to low exposure group After publication in 2005 all of the data for this work was “lost” by the CDC!!! Go to Safeminds.org to read the FOIA material on the Verstraten studies. Evidence of Harm

  38. DANISH STUDY • In USA rate is 1/166 or 60/10,000! • Outpatients added in 1995. • Large Copenhagen Clinic added in1992. • Autism classification changed in 1994. • Thimerosal removed from vaccine. Conclusion; exposure to a potent neurotoxin, thimerosal, prevents autism!!! Nonsense!

  39. Ties between epidemiology studies and vaccine manufacturers

  40. Dr. Mark and David Geier Studies

  41. CONCLUSIONS • Denmark and Sweden did not appear to have an autism epidemic. They have always vaccinated later in life and used lower doses of mercury than the USA. Using their database to study the autism epidemic is like doing epidemiology on the effect of mosquitos on malaria and doing the study in Alaska instead of Panama. • For analysis of the CDC funded “Verstraten studies” visit the various autism websites that present the FOIA obtained documents that discuss the problems with this study. • A recent NIH committee evaluated the 2004 IOM report and called the epidemiological studies used to call thimerosal not involved as seriously flawed. • The NIH committee recommended that “new methodologies be used to evaluate thimerosal involvement.

  42. Other Considerations • In England, between 1970-1980, about 14.7% of children were not vaccinated as suggested. Yet a parental autism group there report (Tony Bateson), on the internet, only two cases of autism in non-vaccinated children were found in their search of autistics born during this time frame. • The recent UPI series on autism by Dan Olmstead finds: • Very little, if any, autism in the Amish as reported by . • Healthfirst, a Chicago Clinic that does not vaccinate in the first year of birth reports no autistic children born since 1985 from a population of about 35,000 children. • The dramatic increase in autism in China following the end of the cold war and the importation of Western vaccines (Evidence of Harm by David Kirby).

  43. Conclusions It is my opinion that the CDC and FDA do not always have the interests of the USA citizens at the top of their list. Make legislation at the state level that is more difficult to control by big pharmaceutical companies. Note that the FDA has ruled that their approval over ruled any state level legislation! If you know a child with autism spectrum disorder inform the parents that autism is treatable. In many cases it is a form of early infant mercury toxicity. Dr. Robert Nataf’s laboratory reports that many children diagnosed as “autistic” have prophyrin profiles indicating mercury toxicity. This is based on the research of Dr. James Wood of the University of Washington. Get a urinary porphyrin profile done on your child to determine the possibility of mercury toxicity. Send the results to A-CHAMP.org. The compilation of these results will be presented to legislators throughout the USA.

  44. THE SMOKING GUN STUDY • Done in Paris, France (since the 2004 IOM committee recommended NIH not fund thimerosal studies) in a large autism clinic. • Investigated porphyrin profiles in autistic versus normal children because these profiles are the best indicator for heavy metal toxicity, especially mercury toxicity. • Found porphyrin profiles that indicated 53% of autistic children surveyed were mercury toxic. • Reversed toxic porphyrin profiles by treating autistics with a mercury chelator. Therefore, the cause was not genetic, but mercury toxicity. • Supporting data from Norway has been reported. • Dr. Robert Natal and Dr. Richard Lathe were the lead researchers in this work published in the International J. Toxicology 2006.

  45. PORPHYRIN BIOCHEMISTRY RATES OF EACH ENZYME RX IS DIFFERENTIALLY AFFECTED BY Hg2+ VERSUS OTHER

  46. WHAT ARE PORPHYRINS? • Porphyrins are a class of compounds that lead to the synthesis of heme, the iron binding red compound of hemoglobin that binds oxygen and aids in delivery to cells, where it is used in the mitochondria to help make energy (ATP). Lack of heme or hemoglobin leads to a very pale complexion (ever notice the complexion of autistic children?) • Heme has other biological uses. It is in the electron transport pathway that makes ATP. A shortage of heme would prevent adequate energy production. • Heme is needed for active P450 enzymes, the enzymes that modify organic toxins and aid in removing them from the body. • Heme is needed to remove amyloid protein from human brain to prevent production of amyloid or senile plaques as identified with Alzheimer’s diseased brain.

  47. DATA FROM THE USA • I HAVE RECEEIVED OVER 20 URINARY PORPHYRIN PROFILE RESULTS OF AUTISTIC CHILDREN IN THE USA. ALL INDICATED MERCURY TOXICITY WITH VALUES IN THE ABOVE 500 NANOMOLES/GRAM CREATININE. • THE REFERENCE VALUE IS 50 TO 90.

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