綠色經濟學：個體基礎

1. 綠色經濟學：個體基礎 周賓凰 國立中央大學財務金融系 2013/9/29

2. 我們為什麼需要新的經濟學？Why do we need new economics?And why now? Ravel: L’enfant et les Sortileges (The Child and the Spells)

3. Just a couple of years ago!

4. Now it’s been over 400ppm!

5. IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) • United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); AR5 will consist of three Working Group (WG) Reports and a Synthesis Report, to be completed in 2013 and 2014. • WG I: The Physical Science Basis – mid September 2013, Summary for Policymakers published 27 September. • WG II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability – mid March 2014 • WG III: Mitigation of Climate Change – early April 2014 • AR5 Synthesis Report (SYR) – October 2014

6. WG1, Sept 27, 2013 若人類什麼都不做、不控制溫室氣體，到了2100年，二氧化碳濃度將飆升至936ppm，全球平均溫度會上升攝氏4.8度，「當初預測的正負2度C恐將失守」! 台灣恐怕有10％土地都將沉入海底，包括台北盆地、台中、彰化、雲林、嘉義、高雄及屏東西部沿海地區，恐將被淹掉。

10. Vast costs of Arctic change

12. 人與萬物以及自然的疏離

14. John Robbins http://www.johnrobbins.info/

15. Al Gore and Bill Clinton go Vegan! http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/11/26/247330160/al-gore-goes-vegan-following-in-footsteps-of-bill-clinton http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2013/11/25/al-gore-goes-vegan-with-little-fanfare/

16. Capitalist Economy: A Linear Economy

18. An example of “Greenwash”: The industrial cup of tea

19. An Alternative: The permaculture cup of tea…

20. From a linear economy to a circular flow economy

21. 資本主義經濟與綠色經濟 • Kenneth Boulding, 1966, The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth • 資本主義：牛仔觀點 • 無限資源的世界 • 綠色經濟：地球號太空船 • 有限的資源 • The term ‘Spaceship Earth’ was popularizedby Buckminster Fuller in his 1963 book,“Operating manual for Spaceship Earth.”

22. Alternatives • Ecological economics • Steady-state economy (SSE) (Herman Daly) • From growth to development; from quantitative to qualitative • Green economics • Sustainable economy • Resource-based economy • Blue economy • Etc. • These can all be viewed as synonyms.

23. 綠色經濟學與其他相關學門

24. What is green economics? 綠色經濟：在永續前提下，全體人類福祉極大化的經濟社會 重現社會、經濟與環境之關係的圖像

25. Lawson綠色經濟學的基礎公理 • 在有限空間內要永遠擴張是不可能的； • 對有限資源的永久取用是不可能的； • 所有事物都是相互連結的。 * 這基本上仍是傳統經濟範型的表達形式！

26. New Economics Foundation一個圓滿富足社會的幸福宣言 決定我們幸福、福祉的三大範疇 Our parents 父母(50%): 基因、成長背景 Our outlook and activities 社會關係與生活態度 (40%) Our circumstances 所得、生活環境等外在因子 (10%)

27. What is well-being? • 簡單說，幸福（福祉）是生命整體的快樂與滿足 • 進一步，富足而自我實現的生活來自： • 發展個人之能力 • 實現其潛能 • 對社會有所貢獻 • …… • 這也是心理學---尤其是正向心理學，所關注的。

28. 政府的角色nef: a well-being manifesto for a flourishing society Measure what matters: produce a set of national well-being accounts. Create a well-being economy: employment, meaningful work and environmental taxation. Reclaim our time through improving our work-life balance. Create an education system to promote flourishing. Refocus the NHS to promote complete health. Invest in early years and parenting. Discourage materialism and promote authentic advertising. Strengthen civil society, social well-being and active citizenship.

29. What is green economics? The Microfoundation • Green theory of the individual • Green theory of the firm • Green theory of the market • The role of government: A green perspective

30. Green theory of the “consumer” • Objective: hierarchical, multiple objectives • Optimize the needs of all levels in a balanced way (seeking for the optimal pattern in a Maslowian manner). • Eventual or lifetime goal: self actualization. • The ultimate goal should be reflected in all aspects of life: education, work, consumption, social relationship, etc.

31. 自我實現 • 行諸於內的，是愛心的擴展（或者是意識層次的提升），行諸於外的，則是公平與正義的訴求與行動 • 這種公平與正義所涵蓋的範圍，從單一人類物種之內（男女、社會、國家，到全人類之間），到不同物種之間（人與地球上的動植物），再擴充到不同的世代之間。

32. The Daly Triangle Herman Daly, 1973, Toward a Steady-State Economy A sustainability framework

33. Max-Neef (1987) Matrix of Human Needs

34. Max Neef(1987) “Bare-foot economist”Matrix of Human Needs • Max Neef (b1932); 智利經濟學家；60年代任教於 Berkeley. • Right Livelihood Award, 1983

35. Five Capitals of Genuine Wealth: Mark Anielski 用以達成各種需求的五項「資本」： • Human capital • Social capital • Natural capital • Built capital • Financial capital

36. How? A Buddhist economics perspective • Schumacher (1911-1977) • The Buddhist sees the essence of civilisation not in the multiplication of wants but in the purification of human character. • While materialist is mainly interested in goods, the Buddhist is mainly interested in liberation. • The keynote of Buddhist economics, therefore, is simplicity and non-violence (Ahimsa).

37. (continued) • From a Buddhist’s view, this is standing the truth on its head by considering goods as more important than people and consumption as more important than creative activity. It means…a surrender to the force of evil.

38. Schumacher: Small is beautiful A Buddhist economist would consider (consumption-oriented) approach as excessively irrational: since consumption is merely a means to human well-being, the aim should be to obtain the maximum of well-being with the minimum of consumption.

39. (continued) • The Buddhist economics, in short, tries to maximise human satisfactions by the optimal pattern of consumption. • Some guidelines: • The Middle Way • No Attachment • Buddha’s Noble Eightfold Path （八正道）: one of which is “right livelihood” (正命).

40. Labor vs. Work • 傳統經濟學觀點 • 人提供勞力是為了賺取提供其消費所需的金錢(a necessary evil)，工作必須犧牲休閒，所以是「反效用」。 • 勞力只是要素之一，與資本（或技術）是替代的。至於其替代程度則是技術「層次」而定。「層次」高者，為資本密集，低者則為勞力密集。在這一方面，經濟學將人「物化」，無怪乎現代企業一旦發現勞工成本過高，就將工廠轉往低的區域或國家；營運不佳就解雇員工，或發明約聘、派遣、責任制等制度。 • 心理學觀點 • 工作需滿足不同層次的需求 • 正向心理學：strengths and virtues; meaning and engagement.

42. Distribution of iPhone’s profit

43. Schumacher: Work from the Buddhist economics perspective The function of work is at least threefold: • To give a man a chance to utilise and develop his faculties; • To enable him to overcome his ego-centredness by joining with other people in a common task; • To bring forth the goods and services needed for a becoming existence.

44. 紀伯倫: 《先知》 別人也曾告訴你，生命即黑暗，在你的倦乏中，你附和那些倦乏的人們所說的。 而我說，生命的確是黑暗，除非有著熱望， 所有的熱望都是盲目的，除非具有知識， 所有的知識都是無用的，除非有工作， 所有的工作都是空虛的，除非有愛； 當你懷著愛心工作，你乃將你與你自己，與人人，也與神緊繫在一起。 怎麼樣才是懷著愛工作呢? 就是自你中心抽絲織布，好像你心愛的人要穿它。

45. 工作是愛的具體化。 如果你不能懷著愛心，只能懷著厭惡工作，那不如拋下你的工作，坐在廟宇門口，接受懷著喜悅去工作的人的賑濟吧。 因為如果你漫不經心的烘麵包，你只能做出餵的人們半飽的苦麵包。 如果你怨恨榨葡萄的工作，你的怨恨將在酒中滲入毒素。 如果你雖唱得如天使一般，卻不愛歌唱，你便堵塞了人們的心耳，使他們聽不清白晝與夜晚的聲音。

46. A digression: Schmacher on education • 教育是人類最偉大的資源，而教育的本質乃是在傳播價值。 • 目前的教育太強調知識、技術與科學，以致於「我們知道怎麼去做許多事情，但是卻不知道要去做些什麼？知識不會帶來悲傷，但有毒害的（教育）錯誤，卻為未來第三代、第四代帶來無止境的悲傷。」 Federico Pistono: 投資自己的教育價值(TEDxTaipei 2013)

47. Happiness and curiosity in school (nef) Ted on “Education”

48. Green theory of the market:Localization and community-based economy • Schumacher’s view “From the view point of Buddhist economics, therefore, production from local resources for local needs is the most rational way of economic life.” • Ecovillage; Bioregion; etc.

49. Green theory of the firm • Firm as an organism; survival and health are more important than profit maximization. • Products: Goods and services that fulfill people’s different needs. • Triple bottom line accounting • Common or mutual ownership: Scott Bader commonwealth; John Lewis Partnership • Intermediate technology • Applications: social enterprise and CSR

50. Social Enterprise: A working definition A social enterprise is a business whose purpose is to change the world for the common good.