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Title. INTRODUCTORY LEARNING MODULE. Cities and Climate Change. Learning Objectives. After completing the module participants will be able to:. Describe the transformative role that cities can play in achieving green and climate resilient development. Sections.
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Title INTRODUCTORY LEARNING MODULE Cities and Climate Change
Learning Objectives Aftercompleting the module participants willbe able to: Describe the transformative role that cities can play in achieving green and climate resilient development
Sections CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Section 1 1 Cities in the 21st century
Urbanisation is a key phenomenon of this century 70% of the world’s urban population was living in developing countries in 2010. 80% of the world’s wealth is generated in cities. 60% of world population will live in urban areas in 2030. CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Activity 60 Can youpass me thosenumbers in the right order, please! 70 80 % % % of the world’s urban population was living in developing countries in 2010. of the world’s wealth is generated in cities. of world population will live in urban areas in 2030.
Challenges for cities in the 21st century Paper City – a stop-motion video animation portraying today’s urban challenges using a paper and cardboard mock city https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Bqx2BuFjik Source: UN-Habitat CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
The relationship between climate change and cities is not one way MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS to greenhouse gas emissions AFFECTED by the effects of the climate change
The possible consequences of action and inaction on climate change INACTION VS. ACTION Negative effects on other policies Benefits to other policies
Transformative role of cities “Cities can be prime driving forces of development and innovation.” Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General, United Nations CLICK ON THE MAP FOR EXAMPLES OF CLIMATE CHANGE ACTIONS IN CITIES AROUND THE WORLD.
Transformative role of cities – Mexico ECOCASA A housing project that reduces emissions while offering affordable housing to low income groups https://vimeo.com/88257391 Source: Momentum for Change
BEIJING, CHINA 1/2 THE GREEN LIGHTING PROGRAMME The Programme was initiated in Beijing in 2004. One of its mandates focuses on replacing normal lights with energy-efficient light bulbs in over 2000 schools. The result was that it replaced over 1,500,000 light bulbs, which saved 14.4MW of electricity valued at 8.21 million RMB (US$1.05 million), and reduced annual CO2 emissions by 14,535 metric tonnes, all within the boundaries of one city.
2/2 BEIJING, CHINA THE GREEN LIGHTING PROGRAMME The project also increased student awareness and knowledge of the concept of saving energy. In 2008, the project was extended to install energy-efficient lighting in over 1,200 bathrooms inside the 2nd Ring Road, 70 subway stations, 114km of subway tunnels, and in government buildings, hotels, commercial buildings and hospital buildings. The Beijing Development and Reform Commission estimates that 39MW of electricity can be saved each year through the installation of energy-efficient light bulbs.
1/2 MEDELLIN, COLOMBIA The city of Medellin is located in a hilly terrain. Combined with heavily-congested roads, providing efficient public transport is especially challenging.
As an innovative alternative, the city introduced a cable car transport network integrated with the existing metro system. Each cable car was designed to generate some of its own energy needs through a solar panel installed on the roof. The network carries 50,000 people per day, a large number for the city. Routes were targeted at low-income neighborhoods to improve transport facilities for the poor. The cable car project led to cheaper and safer transport than other transportation options and with low greenhouse gas emissions. MEDELLIN, COLOMBIA 2/2
C40: Cities sharing best practices An Introduction to C40 – Cycling through 5 megacities https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=L45EgI9mU48 Source: C40
Cities and climate change – what to keep in mind ! Many cities, in particular in developing countries, have limited planning and implementation capacities. More and more people will be living in cities. Local commitments to climate change are important. Cities are increasingly showing leadership, and committing to take action on climate change.
Activity Which of the options below are reasons why climate change is important in cities? • More and more people will be living in cities. • Cities contribute to climate change. • Cities are more important than other areas. • Cities can help to find solutions.
Section 2 2 Effects of climate change on cities
How does climate change affect cities? Food and water security Economic development Health Infrastructure Ecosystems Climate Change Displacement Social
A climate change vulnerability assessment in practice UN-Habitat supported the city of Pakse, Laos in conducting a vulnerability assessment https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2BMyk9kUWHs Source: UN-Habitat
Activity What have more frequent and intense floods led to in Pakse? Negative health effects Negative impacts on business Loss of human life
Effects of climate change are not the same for all cities Adaptive capacity Exposure Sensitivity CLICK ON THE BOXES TO FIND OUT MORE ABOUT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CITIES.
Dhaka, Bangladesh 1/2 Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, is a mega city with an estimated population of 13 million. The city has one of the highest population densities in the world. Around 60 per cent of the urban population in Bangladesh lived in slum areas in 2009. The city is wedged between four flood-prone rivers, as well as between the Himalayan mountain range and a body of water that generates violent cyclones. Dhaka is situated at an elevation between 2-13 meters above sea level.
Dhaka, Bangladesh 2/2 Bangladesh will be among one of the most affected regions by climate change in the world because it is both low-lying and densely populated. It is seriously at risk of all of the five main climate threats: drought, floods, storms, sea-level rise, and agricultural crops loss. The sheer number of people living in the city means that the negative consequences of climate change are likely to be felt by a large number of people, especially the urban poor who live in flood-prone and water-logged areas. At the same time, Dhaka’s GDP per capita is the lowest of all mega-cities, which has an impact on the city’s capacity to adapt to climate change consequences.
Kampala, Uganda Vulnerability of slums to climate change in Kampala, Uganda Kampala has been experiencing rapid urbanization and slum expansion. Over 50% of the urban population live in informal settlements characterized by poor sanitary conditions, infrastructure deficiencies and lack of waste disposal services. In these areas, even relatively small amounts of rain can cause flooding. The natural drainage capability of the land has been impaired which leads to hazardous conditions during rains. Flood-related accidents result in deaths of slum residents each year. Sewers are available to only a small proportion of the population, so flooding carries faeces and spreads diarrhoeal diseases such as cholera. Climate change is likely to increase the incidence of flooding and accelerate the spread of diseases, including malaria and waterborne diseases.
Section 3 3 Cities as contributors to climate change
The crucial role of cities in addressing climate change “The battle against climate change will be fought in the cities. Cities can be the problem or cities can be the solution. But we need to know what is going on in the cities.” Andrew Steer, President and CEO, World Resources Institute
Importance of measuring emissions from cities Why should we apply this this? to
Cities are an important contributor to emissions New York City's greenhouse gas emissions as 1t spheres of CO2 gas. By CarbonVisuals https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=DtqSIplGXOA
Challenges in estimating emissions from cities Cities use different methods for measuring and reporting emissions. Difficult to compare cities. vs Challenging to estimate overall emissions from cities.
Solutions for estimating emissions from cities Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (GPC) By IISD Reporting Services/ENB https://vimeo.com/114001116
Sectors playing an important role for urban emissions Commercial and residential buildings Transport Industry Electricity generation CLICK ON THE ICONS TO LEARN ABOUT HOW THESE SECTORS CONTRIBUTE TO EMISSIONS IN CITIES.
Activity Increasing _______ transport and reducing ____ transport can reduce emissions, as can higher ____ density.
Cape Town, South Africa Cape Town’s Action Plan for Energy and Climate Change Cape Town is a city of 3.8 million in South Africa. Much of the electricity provided is coal-fired, which leads to high emissions. In 2007 residential, commercial, and transport sectors were the largest emitting sectors, accounting for 29%, 28% , and 27% of the total emissions respectively. They were followed by the industrial sector, which contributed 15% and by the government which contributed 1%. The City of Cape Town has adopted an Action Plan for Energy and Climate Change, which has eleven objectives with targets. One of the targets is 10% renewable and cleaner energy supply by 2020. Another one is building a more compact and resource-efficient city. The implementation of the plan involves currently more than 115 projects.
Activity If you were a member of a local council in Cape Town, South Africa, which of the following sectors would you propose should be tackled first? Choose as many as you consider fit. • Government sector 1% • Residential sector 29% • Commercial sector 28% • Industry sector 15% • Transport sector 27%
Factors influencing emissions in cities Demographic composition Location Urban form Types of economic activities CLICK ON THE ICONS TO LEARN MORE ABOUT HOW THESE FACTORS INFLUENCE EMISSION LEVELS.
Section 4 4 Integrating climate change into urban planning
Urban planning and climate change “ Fundamentally, good city planning practices are, by their nature, also climate smart planning practices. UN-Habitat, Planning for Climate Change 2014
Differentapproaches to planning for climate change Mainstreaming Example: mainstreaming climate change into water management plan Stand-alone (strategic) plans Example: local climate action plans Ad hoc approaches Example: replacing public transport buses with more energy efficient buses
Importance of mainstreaming climate change Almost any urban policy, programme, strategy or plan can, and should, consider climate change.
Examples of plans CLICK ON THE BOXES TO FIND OUT HOW CLIMATE CHANGE CAN BE INCORPORATED INTO THE DIFFERENT PLANS.
Activity How could the quotation below be best interpreted? Select one of the boxes “ The battle against climate change will be fought in the cities. Cities can be the problem or cities can be the solution. But we need to know what’s going on in the cities. What you measure, you treasure. Andrew Steer, President and CEO, World Resources Institute Cities will experience increasing conflict due to climate change Moving to rural areas is an alternative measure to decongest cities Data is important for adaptation and mitigation policy making Collecting data on emissions is expensive.
