Fido

1. FIGURE 1 The Grouping Abstraction Process Named Set of Groups (Type Entity Set) Animal Type Dog Abstraction Horse Knowledge level Grouping Operational level Secretariat Secretariat Traveller Traveller Whirlaway Whirlaway Animal Horse Fido Fido Lassie Dog Lassie Group & Name Objects Named Set of Objects (Entity Set, Class) Named Set of Objects with Labeled Sub-Groupings

2. FIGURE 2 Grouping and Generalization Employee Type cashier count of emps. base pay rate salesperson buyer Knowledge level 1..1 Grouping Operational level 0..* Employee John Mark Joan soc. sec. number name Barbara Generalization Salesperson Buyer Cashier credit limit John -- salesperson Mark -- cashier Barbara -- buyer Joan -- salesperson

3. horse dog Secretariat Traveller Fido Whirlaway FIGURE 3 Typification and Grouping Animal Type Neighborhood Lincoln Farms Okemos Hills dinosaur unicorn 1 .. 1 1 .. 1 Knowledge Level Typification Grouping Operational Level 0 .. * 0 .. * Animal House 123 Tacoma Street 200 Ford Drive Lassie 1723 Tunderhill Road 1 Missionary Street

4. FIGURE 4 Simultaneous Definition of Typification and Grouping Plane Type Fleet Archetypical definition of plane type (name, number of engines, range) Arbitrary collection of planes (owner, category, number of planes) Boeing 747 Boeing 737 Northwest Airlines American Airlines 1 .. 1 1 .. 1 Knowledge Level Typification Grouping Operational Level 0 .. * 0 .. * p1 p3 p2 p4 Plane

5. FIGURE 5 Type-Type Relationships Route Type Plane Type Airline Policy: What plane type should be used for the different types of routes? { Type-Type Relationship Knowledge level Typification Typification Operational level Flight Plane Information concerning the actual planes used for actual flights { Object-Object Relationship

6. FIGURE 6 Muti-Layer Classifications Beer Type Strong Golden Ale:Beer Type Trappist :Beer Type Layer-2 1 .. 1 Layer-1 0 .. * Orval :Beer Brand Beer Brand Chimay :Beer Brand Duvel :Beer Brand 1 .. 1 Knowledge Level Operational Level 1 .. * : Beer : Beer Beer : Beer : Beer Class Diagram Object Diagram

7. FIGURE 7 Type-Level Specifications Type Entity-Set T1 Type Entity-Set T2 Type definitions Type definitions c1 c4 Type-Type Relationship c2 c3 Knowledge level Grouping/Typification Grouping/Typification standard_of / policy_of Operational level Object descriptions Object descriptions o1 o6 o3 o9 o7 o2 o10 o4 o5 Object-Object Relationship o8 Entity-Set E1 Entity-Set E2

8. FIGURE 8 Extended REA Enterprise Systems Policy Level -- What Should or Could Happen -- Engineering Specifications and Planning RT ET AT Typification Grouping analysis Knowledge level Operational level automated feedback R E A Observation Accountability Infrastructure – What Actually Happens -- Input Enterprise Systems Output

9. FIGURE 9 Standard: Single-Level Bill of Materials Economic Resource Type Economic Resource Type consists-of Raw Material Type Finished Good Type Bill of Materials linkage type-type Knowledge Level typification typification Operational Level consists-of Raw Material Finished Good linkage Economic Resource Economic Resource

10. FIGURE 10 Standard: Multi-Level Bill of Materials Bike Type {race bike} level-0 Frame Type {polished} level-1 SaddleType {moon, bi} Wheel Type {classic} level-2 Spoke Type {titanium} Rim Type {CXP33} Tire Type {grid} Knowledge Level Operational Level

11. FIGURE 11 Data Model Multi-Level Bill of Materials power type component of Economic Resource Category Linkage Category type definitions { consists of multi-layer type classifications component of Economic Resource Type Linkage Type type definitions Bill of Materials consists of objectified type-type relationship typification Knowledge Level Operational Level typification Spoke Tire Rim Wheel component of Economic Resource Linkage Saddle consists of objectified object-object relationship Frame Bike

12. FIGURE 12 Policy Definition plane international boat U.S. train midwest truck Policy Transportation Type Customer Type Economic Event Type Economic Agent Type participation Knowledge Level typification typification Operational Level Shipment Customer Economic Agent Economic Event participation

13. cashier salesperson shipping clerk FIGURE 13 Responsibility Infrastructure Participation Type Internal Agent Type Economic Event Type sale excludes cash receipt Policy Knowledge Level 1..* 1..1 typification typification Operational Level 0..* 0..* Internal Agent Economic Event participation Cashier Salesperson Sale Cash receipt Shipping Clerk

14. FIGURE 14 Sales Budget Definition responsibility (Organizational Structure) Economic Resource Type Grouping Class Participation (accountability) Finished Good Type Period Budget Organizational Unit Stock-Flow Grouping Class Knowledge Level Typification Grouping Grouping Operational Level Finished Good Sale Employee Stock-Flow Participation (accountability) Economic Resource Economic Event Economic Agent

15. Nail Car some-id# actual weight engine# actual price FIGURE 15 Hybrid Representations “CAR” Resource Type “NAIL” Resource Type Car Type Nail Type Nail Type fuel capacity standard price standard weight standard length typical weight typical length QOH 1 .. 1 Knowledge Level 1 .. 1 Operational Level O ..* O ..*

16. FIGURE 16 Hybrid Entities Typification/Grouping Animal Type Archetypical definition of animal type Arbitrary collection of animals Animal Archetype Animal Group 1 .. 1 1 .. 1 Knowledge Level Typification Grouping Operational Level 0 .. * 0 .. * Animal