Privacy

1. Privacy Prof. Bhavani Thuraisingham The University of Texas at Dallas September 2015

2. What is Privacy • Medical Community • Privacy is about a patient determining what patient/medical information the doctor should be released about him/her • Financial community • A bank customer determine what financial information the bank should release about him/her • Government community • FBI would collect information about US citizens. However FBI determines what information about a US citizen it can release to say the CIA

3. Some Privacy concerns • Medical and Healthcare • Employers, marketers, or others knowing of private medical concerns • Security • Allowing access to individual’s travel and spending data • Allowing access to web surfing behavior • Marketing, Sales, and Finance • Allowing access to individual’s purchases

4. Data Mining as a Threat to Privacy • Data mining gives us “facts” that are not obvious to human analysts of the data • Can general trends across individuals be determined without revealing information about individuals? • Possible threats: • Combine collections of data and infer information that is private • Disease information from prescription data • Military Action from Pizza delivery to pentagon • Need to protect the associations and correlations between the data that are sensitive or private

5. Some Privacy Problems and Potential Solutions • Problem: Privacy violations that result due to data mining • Potential solution: Privacy-preserving data mining • Problem: Privacy violations that result due to the Inference problem • Inference is the process of deducing sensitive information from the legitimate responses received to user queries • Potential solution: Privacy Constraint Processing • Problem: Privacy violations due to un-encrypted data • Potential solution: Encryption at different levels • Problem: Privacy violation due to poor system design • Potential solution: Develop methodology for designing privacy-enhanced systems

6. Privacy Constraint Processing • Privacy constraints processing • Based on prior research in security constraint processing • Simple Constraint: an attribute of a document is private • Content-based constraint: If document contains information about X, then it is private • Association-based Constraint: Two or more documents taken together is private; individually each document is public • Release constraint: After X is released Y becomes private • Augment a database system with a privacy controller for constraint processing

7. Architecture for Privacy Constraint Processing User Interface Manager Privacy Constraints Constraint Manager Database Design Tool Constraints during database design operation Update Processor: Constraints during update operation Query Processor: Constraints during query and release operations DBMS Database

8. Semantic Model for Privacy Control Dark lines/boxes contain private information Cancer Influenza Has disease John’s address Patient John England address Travels frequently

9. Privacy Preserving Data Mining • Prevent useful results from mining • Introduce “cover stories” to give “false” results • Only make a sample of data available so that an adversary is unable to come up with useful rules and predictive functions • Randomization • Introduce random values into the data and/or results • Challenge is to introduce random values without significantly affecting the data mining results • Give range of values for results instead of exact values • Secure Multi-party Computation • Each party knows its own inputs; encryption techniques used to compute final results

10. Cryptographic Approaches for Privacy Preserving Data Mining • Secure Multi-part Computation (SMC) for PPDM • Mainly used for distributed data mining. • Provably secure under some assumptions. • Learned models are accurate • Efficient/specific cryptographic solutions for many distributed data mining problems are developed. • Mainly semi-honest assumption (i.e. parties follow the protocols) • Malicious model is also explored recently. (e.g. Kantarcioglu and Kardes paper in this workshop) • Many SMC based PPDM algorithms share common sub-protocols (e.g. dot product, summation, etc. )

11. Cryptographic Approaches for Privacy Preserving Data Mining • Drawbacks: • Still not efficient enough for very large datasets. (e.g. petabyte sized datasets ??) • Semi-honest model may not be realistic • Malicious model is even slower • Possible new directions • New models that can trade-off better between efficiency and security • Game theoretic / incentive issues in PPDM • Combining anonymization and cryptographic techniques for PPDM

12. Perturbation Based Approaches for Privacy Preserving Data Mining • Goal: Distort data while still preserve some properties for data mining propose. • Additive Based • Multiplicative Based • Condensation based • Decomposition • Data Swapping

13. Perturbation Based Approaches for Privacy Preserving Data Mining • Goal: Achieve a high data mining accuracy with maximum privacy protection.

14. Perturbation Based Approaches for Privacy Preserving Data Mining • Privacy is a personal choice, so should enable individual adaptable (Liu, Kantarcioglu and Thuraisingham ICDM’06)

15. Perturbation Based Approaches for Privacy Preserving Data Mining • The trend is to make PPDM approaches fit in the reality • We investigated perturbation based approaches with real-world data sets • We give a applicability study to the current approaches • Liu, Kantarcioglu and Thuraisingham, DKE 07 • We found out, • The reconstruction the original distribution may not work well with real-world data set • Distribution is a hard problem, should not use as a media step • Try to modify perturbation techniques, and adapt some data mining tools, e.g. Liu, Kantarcioglu and Thuraisingham, Novel decision tree – UTD technical report 06

16. CPT: Confidentiality, Privacy and Trust • Before I as a user of Organization A send data about me to organization B, I read the privacy policies enforced by organization B • If I agree to the privacy policies of organization B, then I will send data about me to organization B • If I do not agree with the policies of organization B, then I can negotiate with organization B • Even if the web site states that it will not share private information with others, do I trust the web site • Note: while confidentiality is enforced by the organization, privacy is determined by the user. Therefore for confidentiality, the organization will determine whether a user can have the data. If so, then the organization van further determine whether the user can be trusted

17. Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P): What is it? • P3P is an emerging industry standard that enables web sites to express their privacy practices in a standard format • The format of the policies can be automatically retrieved and understood by user agents • It is a product of W3C; World wide web consortium www.w3c.org • When a user enters a web site, the privacy policies of the web site is conveyed to the user; If the privacy policies are different from user preferences, the user is notified; User can then decide how to proceed • Several major corporations are working on P3P standards including

18. Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P): Organizations • Several major corporations are working on P3P standards including: • Microsoft • IBM • HP • NEC • Nokia • NCR • Web sites have also implemented P3P • Semantic web group has adopted P3P

19. Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P): Specifications • Initial version of P3P used RDF to specify policies; Recent version has migrated to XML • P3P Policies use XML with namespaces for encoding policies • P3P has its own statements and data types expressed in XML; P3P schemas utilize XML schemas • P3P specification released in January 20005 uses catalog shopping example to explain concepts; P3P is an International standard and is an ongoing project • Example: Catalog shopping • Your name will not be given to a third party but your purchases will be given to a third party • <POLICIES xmlns = http://www.w3.org/2002/01/P3Pv1> <POLICY name = - - - - </POLICY> </POLICIES>

20. P3P and Legal Issues • P3P does not replace laws • P3P work together with the law • What happens if the web sites do no honor their P3P policies • Then appropriate legal actions will have to be taken • XML is the technology to specify P3P policies • Policy experts will have to specify the policies • Technologies will have to develop the specifications • Legal experts will have to take actions if the policies are violated

21. Privacy for Assured Information Sharing Data/Policy for Federation Export Export Data/Policy Data/Policy Export Data/Policy Component Component Data/Policy for Data/Policy for Agency A Agency C Component Data/Policy for Agency B

22. Privacy Preserving Surveillance Raw video surveillance data Face Detection and Face Derecognizing system Suspicious people found Faces of trusted people derecognized to preserve privacy Suspicious events found Comprehensive security report listing suspicious events and people detected Suspicious Event Detection System Manual Inspection of video data Report of security personnel

23. Directions: Foundations of Privacy Preserving Data Mining • We proved in 1990 that the inference problem in general was unsolvable, therefore the suggestion was to explore the solvability aspects of the problem. • Can we do something similar for privacy? • Is the general privacy problem solvable? • What are the complicity classes? • What is the storage and time complicity • We need to explore the foundation of PPDM and related privacy solutions

24. Directions: Testbed Development and Application Scenarios • There are numerous PPDM related algorithms. How do they compare with each other? We need a testbed with realistic parameters to test the algorithms • It is time to develop real world scenarios where these algorithms can be utilized • Is it feasible to develop realistic commercial products or should each organization adapt product to suit their needs?

25. Key Points • 1. There is no universal definition for privacy, each organization must definite what it means by privacy and develop appropriate privacy policies • 2. Technology alone is not sufficient for privacy We need technologists, Policy expert, Legal experts and Social scientists to work on Privacy • 3. Some well known people have said ‘Forget about privacy” Therefore, should we pursue research on Privacy? • Interesting research problems, there need to continue with research • Something is better than nothing • Try to prevent privacy violations and if violations occur then prosecute • 4. We need to tackle privacy from all directions

26. Application Specific Privacy? • Examining privacy may make sense for healthcare and financial applications • Does privacy work for Defense and Intelligence applications? • Is it even meaningful to have privacy for surveillance and geospatial applications • Once the image of my house is on Google Earth, then how much privacy can I have? • I may want my location to be private, but does it make sense if a camera can capture a picture of me? • If there are sensors all over the place, is it meaningful to have privacy preserving surveillance? • This suggestion that we need application specific privacy • It is not meaningful to examine PPDM for every data mining algorithm and for every application

27. Data Mining and Privacy: Friends or Foes? • They are neither friends nor foes • Need advances in both data mining and privacy • Need to design flexible systems • For some applications one may have to focus entirely on “pure” data mining while for some others there may be a need for “privacy-preserving” data mining • Need flexible data mining techniques that can adapt to the changing environments • Technologists, legal specialists, social scientists, policy makers and privacy advocates MUST work together