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Lección 11: Gramática

Lección 11: Gramática. Introducción al modo subjuntivo El subjuntivo con verbos que indican voluntad o deseo El subjuntivo con verbos que expresan emoción Algunos usos de las preposiciones a , de y en. Introducción al modo subjuntivo (1).

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Lección 11: Gramática

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  1. Lección 11: Gramática Introducciónal modosubjuntivo El subjuntivo con verbosqueindicanvoluntad o deseo El subjuntivo con verbosqueexpresanemoción Algunosusosde laspreposicionesa, de y en

  2. Introducción al modosubjuntivo (1) • The indicative is used to express factual, definite events. • By contrast, the subjunctive is used to reflect the speaker’s feelings or attitudes toward events, or when the speaker views events as uncertain, unreal, or hypothetical. • Because expressions of volition, doubt, surprise, fear, and the like all represent reactions to the speaker’s perception of reality, they are followed in Spanish by the subjunctive.

  3. Introducción al modosubjuntivo (2) Present subjunctive forms of regular verbs • To form the present subjunctive, add the following endings to the stem of the first-person singular of the present indicative, after dropping the o. Note that the endings for the -er and -irverbs are identical.

  4. Introducción al modosubjuntivo (3)

  5. Introducción al modosubjuntivo (4) • The following table shows how to form the first-person singular of the present subjunctive.

  6. Introducción al modosubjuntivo (5) Present subjunctive forms of stem-changing and irregular verbs • Verbs ending in -ar and -er undergo the same stem changes in the present subjunctive as in the present indicative.

  7. Introducción al modosubjuntivo (6)

  8. Introducción al modosubjuntivo (7) • For verbs ending in -ir, the three singular forms and the third-person plural form undergo the same stem changes in the present subjunctive as in the present indicative. • However, in addition, observe that unstressed e changes to i and unstressed o changes to u in the first- and second-person plural forms.

  9. Introducción al modosubjuntivo (8)

  10. Introducción al modosubjuntivo (9) • The following verbs are irregular in the present subjunctive.

  11. Introducción al modosubjuntivo (10) Uses of the subjunctive • The Spanish subjunctive is used in subordinate, or dependent, clauses. The subjunctive is also used in English, although not as often as in Spanish. For example: Sugieroquelleguemañana. I suggestthat he arrive tomorrow. Main clauseDependent clause

  12. Introducción al modosubjuntivo (11) • The expression that requires the use of the subjunctive is in the main clause, I suggest. • The subjunctive appears in the dependent clause, that he arrive tomorrow.

  13. Introducción al modosubjuntivo (12) There are four main conditions that call for the use of the subjunctive in Spanish. • Volition: demands, wishes, advice, persuasion, and other impositions of will Ella quierequeyo lo llame. She wants me to call him. Te aconsejoque no vayas a eseviaje. I advise you not to go on that trip.

  14. Introducción al modosubjuntivo (13) 2. Emotion: pity, joy, fear, surprise, hope, and so on Me sorprendequellegues tan temprano. I am surprised that you are arriving so early.

  15. Introducción al modosubjuntivo (14) 3. Unreality: expectations, indefiniteness, uncertainty, nonexistence ¿Hay alguienaquíquehableespañol? “Is there anyone here who speaks Spanish?” No, no haynadieque lo sepa. No, there is no one who knows it.”

  16. Introducción al modosubjuntivo (15) 4. Doubt and denial: negated facts, disbelief No esverdadque Rosa sea azafata. It isn’t true that Rosa is a flight attendant. Dudoquetengasdinero.   I doubt that you have money. Roberto niegaqueellaseasuesposa. Roberto denies that she is his wife.

  17. El subjuntivo con verbosqueindicanvoluntad o deseo (1) • All expressions of will require the use of the subjunctive in subordinate clauses. • Note that the subject in the main clause must be different from the subject in the subordinate clause.

  18. El subjuntivo con verbosqueindicanvoluntad o deseo (2) • Some verbs of volition that require the use of the subjunctive are: Aconsejarmandarquerer Decirnecesitarrecomendar Desearpedirsugerir

  19. El subjuntivo con verbosqueindicanvoluntad o deseo (3) Ejemplos: ¿Quéquieresquehaga? “What do you want me to do?” Quieroquevayas al aeropuerto. “I want you to go to the airport.”

  20. El subjuntivo con verbosqueindicanvoluntad o deseo (4) Necesitohablar con un médico. “I need to talk with a doctor.” Te sugieroquehables con el Dr. Paz. “I suggest that you talk with Dr. Paz.” • Note that the infinitive is used following verbs of volition if there is no change of subject: Quiero comer.

  21. El subjuntivo con verbosqueindicanvoluntad o deseo (5) • Certain verbs of volition (mandar, sugerir, aconsejar, and pedir) are often preceded by an indirect object pronoun, which indicates the subject of the verb in the subjunctive. Te sugieroquevayas al médico. I suggest that you go to the doctor. Le aconsejoquevengatemprano. I advise you to come early.

  22. El subjuntivo con verbosqueexpresanemoción (1) • In Spanish, the subjunctive mood is always used in the subordinate clause when the verb in the main clause expresses the emotions of the subject, such as fear, joy, pity, hope, regret, sorrow, surprise, and anger. • Again, the subject in the subordinate clause must be different from the subject in the main clause for the subjunctive to be used.

  23. El subjuntivo con verbosqueexpresanemoción (2) • Some verbs of emotion that call for the subjunctive are temeresperar alegrarse (de) sentir Mañanasalgopara Quito. “Tomorrow I leave for Quito.” Esperoquetediviertas mucho. “I hope you have a very good time.”

  24. El subjuntivo con verbosqueexpresanemoción (3) - Temono poderir de vacaciones con ustedes esteverano. “I’m afraid that I cannot go on vacation with you this summer.” -Esperoquepuedasir con nosotros el verano queviene. “I hope that you can go with us next summer.”

  25. El subjuntivo con verbosqueexpresanemoción (4)

  26. El subjuntivo con verbosqueexpresanemoción (5) • If there is no change of subject, the infinitive is used. Temono poderir.   I’m afraid that I cannot go. • The expression ojalá always takes the subjunctive.Ojaláquepuedasvenir.   I hope you can come.

  27. Algunosusos de laspreposicionesa, de y en (1) The preposition a (to, at, in) expresses direction toward a point in space or a moment in time. It is used for the following purposes: 1. To indicate the time (hour) of day Alascincosalimospara Lima. At five we leave for Lima.

  28. Algunosusos de laspreposicionesa, de y en (2) 2. After verbs of motion, when followed by an infinitive, a noun, or a pronoun Siemprevengoacompraraquí. I always come to buy here.

  29. Algunosusos de laspreposicionesa, de y en (3) 3. After the verbs empezar, comenzar, enseñar, and aprender, when followed by an infinitive Ellosempezaronasalir. They began to go out. Te enseñéabailar el tango. I taught you to dance the tango.

  30. Algunosusos de laspreposicionesa, de y en (4) 4. After the verb llegar Cuandoélllegóasu casa, le dieron los pasajes. When he arrived at his house, they gave him the tickets.

  31. Algunosusos de laspreposicionesa, de y en (5) 5. Before a direct object noun that refers to a specific person. It may also be used to personify an animal or a thing Yono conozcoaesemédico. I don’t know that doctor. Bañéa mi perro. I bathed my dog. • If the direct object is not a definite person, the personal a is not used.Buscoun buenmédico.     I’m looking for a good doctor.

  32. Algunosusos de laspreposicionesa, de y en (6) The preposition de (of, from, about, with, in) indicates possession, material, and origin. It is also used in the following ways: 1. To refer to a specific period of the day or night when telling time El sábadotrabajéhastalasochode la noche. On Saturday I worked until 8 P.M.

  33. Algunosusos de laspreposicionesa, de y en (7) 2. After the superlative to express in or of Orlando es el mássimpáticode la familia. Orlando is the nicest in the family.

  34. Algunosusos de laspreposicionesa, de y en (8) 3. To describe personal physical characteristics Es morena, deojosnegros. She is brunette, with dark eyes.

  35. Algunosusos de laspreposicionesa, de y en (9) 4. As a synonym for sobre or acercade (about) Hablabandetodomenosdelviaje. They were talking about everything except aboutthe trip.

  36. Algunosusos de laspreposicionesa, de y en (10) The preposition en (at, in, on, inside, over) in general situates someone or something within an area of time or space. It is used for the following purposes: 1. To refer to a definite place Élsiempre se quedaen casa. He always stays at home.

  37. Algunosusos de laspreposicionesa, de y en (11) 2. As a synonym for sobre (on) Estásentadaen la silla. She is sitting on the chair.

  38. Algunosusos de laspreposicionesa, de y en (12) 3. To indicate means of transportation Nuncahe viajadoenómnibus. I have never traveled by bus.

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