superior racist prejudiced assertive rude grumpy possessive germophobe fearless

1. “Lady seemed annoyed but she probably reacted that way because she was in a hurry.” superior racist prejudiced assertive rude grumpy possessive germophobe fearless “kindness of strangers…” “bad day” “mistake displayed characteristics of two individuals” “assumptions because of race” “affect her prejudice?”

2. Unit 14:Social Psychology http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=epuTZigxUY8 The Lunch Date 10:00

3. Unit Overview • Social Thinking • Objectives 1&2 • Social Influence • Objectives 3-7 • Social Relations • Objectives 8-17 Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

4. Introduction • Social Psychology • the scientific study of how we think about, influence, & relate to one another.

5. Social Thinking

6. Attributing Behavior to Persons or to Situations • Attribution theory • We credit a person’s behavior with either their traits (disposition or the situation/environment) • Dispositional vs. situational attribution • Fundamental attribution error • tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personality traits • Self-serving bias

7. Attributing Behavior to Persons or to SituationsThe Effects of Attribution • Personal relationships • happy vs. unhappy couples • Politics • poverty & unemployment • conservatives / liberals • Job Relationships Our attributions to individuals dispositions or to their situations should be made carefully as they have real consequences. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=epuTZigxUY8 The Lunch Date 10:00

8. Objective 2: Attitudes and Actions Does what we think affect what we do, or does what we do affect what we think? • Attitude • feelings that predispose us to act • Central route persuasion • Peripheral route persuasion • social pressures can weaken the attitude-behavior connection Attitudes affect actions Looking-Glass Effect Cheating: 71% vs. 7%

9. Actions Affect Attitudes • The Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon • you can come to believe an idea you support… • inducing people to act against their beliefs can affect their attitude • “start small and build” • racial attitudes - moral action strengthens moral conviction easier to change attitudes than actions = Attitudes are internal – Actions are observed by all. People assume we act according to our attitudes, so if an action conflicts we change attitude to fit action. Civil Rights Act of 1964

10. Actions Affect Attitudes • Cognitive Dissonance: Relief From Tension • Cognitive dissonance theory • “Attitudes follow behavior” • the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

11. Actions Affect Attitudes • Role-Playing Affects Attitudes • Role • Stanford Prison Study (Philip Zimbardo) • Abu Ghraib

12. Stanford Prison Experiment http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sZwfNs1pqG0 13 minutes

13. Social Influence Written… Verbal… X = 30.38 Sx = 14 3. X = 37 Sx = 10.45 X = 48 Sx = 14 • X = 36.23 Sx = 15.4 3. X= 34.67 Sx = 14.5 • X = 43 Sx = 12.30

14. Conformity and Obedience • Chameleon effect • Unconsciously mimicking others • Yawning • Looking up when others do • Mood linkage • Sharing up & down moods

15. Conformity & ObedienceGroup Pressure and Conformity • Conformity • Adjusting behavior\thinking toward group standard • Solomon Asch study • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyDDyT1lDhA

16. Conformity and ObedienceSolomon Asch Study

17. Conformity and ObedienceGroup Pressure and Conformity • Conditions That Strengthen Conformity • One is made to feel incompetent or insecure • Group has at least three people • Group is unanimous • One admires the group’s status • One has made no prior commitment • Others in group observe one’s behavior • One’s culture strongly encourages respect for social standards

18. Conformity and ObedienceGroup Pressure and Conformity Normative social influence • desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. (to be seen as normal) Informational social influence • willingness to accept other’s opinions about reality Reasons for Conforming: When accuracy of judgment is important, but easy = rarely conform. When important but difficult = conform ½ the time

19. Obedience • Stanley Milgram http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3f6LLV3fkXg (14 min)

20. Conformity and ObedienceObedience

21. Conformity and ObedienceObedience

22. Conformity and ObedienceObedience

23. Follow up studies • authority figure close at hand • prestigious university • victim depersonalized • no role models of defiance

24. Conformity and ObedienceObedience

25. Conformity and ObedienceLessons From the Conformity and Obedience Studies • Ordinary people being corrupted by an evil situation • foot-in-the-door • 93% complied when others did the shocking • attributing responses to evil disposition misses the point – people OBEY, not evil • teacher select level of shock • only 1 went to 450 v • 45-60 v

26. Group InfluenceIndividual Behavior in the Presence of Others • Social Facilitation • stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others • Task difficulty • Expertise effects • what you do well, you’re likely to do better in front of an audience • Crowding effects • reactions are amplified Yerkes-Dodson Law

27. Group InfluenceWhat happens to performance when people perform a task as a group? • Social Loafing • exert less effort when common goal • men • individualistic cultures • Reasons why? • Less accountability • contribution is dispensable

28. Group InfluenceIndividual Behavior in the Presence of Others • Deindividuation • the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

29. Group InfluenceEffects of Group Interaction • Group Polarization • the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion with the groups

30. Group InfluenceEffects of Group Interaction • Group Polarization • the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion with the groups

31. Group InfluenceEffects of Group Interaction • Group Polarization • the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion with the groups

32. Group InfluenceEffects of Group Interaction • Group Polarization • the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion with the groups

33. Group InfluenceEffects of Group Interaction • Group Polarization • the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion with the groups

34. Group InfluenceEffects of Group Interaction • Group Polarization • the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion with the groups

35. Group InfluenceEffects of Group Interaction • Groupthink • mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives • Bay of Pigs • Challenger explosion

36. Cultural Influence • Culture • Culture within animals • Culture in humans

37. Cultural InfluenceVariations Across Cultures • Norm= prescribe proper behavior • Personal space • Pace of life

38. Cultural InfluenceVariation Over Time • Changes over the generations

39. The Power of Individuals(Objective #8 / FITB #24-26) • Social control vs personal control • Minority influence

40. Social Relations

41. PrejudiceHow Prejudiced Are People? • Prejudice • Stereotype • Discrimination

42. PrejudiceHow Prejudiced Are People?

43. PrejudiceHow Prejudiced Are People?

44. PrejudiceHow Prejudiced Are People?

45. PrejudiceHow Prejudiced Are People?

46. PrejudiceHow Prejudiced Are People?

47. PrejudiceHow Prejudiced Are People?

48. Unconscious racial associations • Unconscious patronization • Race-influenced perceptions • Other-race effect • Reflexive body responses • Facial muscles / amygdala

49. PrejudiceSocial Roots of Prejudice • Social Inequalities • blame the victim • victim: anger or self-blame • Us and Them: Ingroup and Outgroup • Ingroup (Ingroup bias) • Outgroup • most intense dislike • Emotional roots of prejudice • Scapegoat theory

50. Emotional Roots of Prejudice • Scapegoat theory • target for one’s anger • “fear & anger create aggression, aggression against citizens of another race or ethnicity creates racism.”