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Beam Reach Marine Science and Sustainability School

Beam Reach Marine Science and Sustainability School. Marine Bioacoustics course, FHL July 31 - August 1, 2007 Scott Veirs | scott@beamreach.org | (206) 251-5554. My background Stanford Earth Systems, 1992 MS, UW Oceanography, 1997 SFSU (web) and SEA (boat), 1999

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Beam Reach Marine Science and Sustainability School

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  1. Beam ReachMarine Science and Sustainability School Marine Bioacoustics course, FHL July 31 - August 1, 2007 Scott Veirs | scott@beamreach.org | (206) 251-5554

  2. My background • Stanford Earth Systems, 1992 • MS, UW Oceanography, 1997 • SFSU (web) and SEA (boat), 1999 • PhD, UW Oceanography, 2003 • Beam Reach history • Founded 2003; Fall 2005 & 2006 terms • Environmental, Northwest, boat-based school

  3. Talk with me if you’re interested in studying or teaching with Beam Reach! Outline • Lecture 1: Fixed and towed hydrophone arrays • Lecture 2: Killer whales and the ESA • Lecture 3: Orca bioacoustics and soundscape

  4. Fixed and towed arrays • 1 fixed hydrophone (directional) • 2 fixed hydrophones (“ears”) • 3+ fixed hydrophones • Orcasound • Au+ • Towed arrays • Flow noise • Cable noise • Signal processing

  5. Talk with me if you’re interested in studying or teaching with Beam Reach! Outline • Lecture 1: Fixed and towed hydrophone arrays • Lecture 2: Killer whales and the ESA • Lecture 3: Orca bioacoustics and soundscape

  6. Whale sail video • Friday, October 21, 2005 • SE of Victoria, headed ENE • 1 ITC hydrophone towed at 4.8 kt under sail • Filmed/edited by Brett • Science with integrity?

  7. Killer whales: Orcinus orca • Distributed world-wide • Matriarchal pods • Specialized group foraging • Fe/males live >50y, 30y • Sexual dimorphism • males larger • 2m tall dorsal fin • Sexual maturity at 10-15y, menopause at ~40y • 17mo gestation;18mo nursing • ~5 calves/reproductive female, but infant mortality ~50%

  8. North Pacific ecotypes • Offshores • Squid, sharks, ?? • Transients • Marine mammals • Residents (2000?) • Western AK • Prince Williams • Southeast AK • Northern • Southern Courtesy Lynne Barre, NOAA

  9. Distinct phenotypes and scars Killer Whales, Bigg et al.

  10. Distinct dialects (acoustic clans) Frequency (Hz) Time • semi-stable through time • SR’s have 1 clan, NR 3 and SAR 2

  11. Southern residents • 70-125+ whales • Photo-identification enabled census since ~1970 • 3 or 4 pods (J, K, L, and maybe L10) • Inter-pod breeding, superpods, ceremonies • Chinook salmon, bottom fish • What evidence? • Scales, stomach, DNA, POPs, cams, TDR • ~32 calls in unique dialect • Salish Sea in Apr-Oct; winter distribution unknown

  12. SRKW population dynamics • Pre-census history: • ‘Hunted’ by military and fishers, 1945-1967 • Aquarium trade capture 1965-1972 • Then K~125; Now N=86. • Risk factors: • Catastrophe (oil, disease) • Vessel interactions • Prey availability • Persistant pollutants

  13. Listing as endangered “species” • May 2001: Population decline inspires CBD petition • A distinct population segment (DPS)? • Genetically distinct (beyond taxonomy) • Unique niche (fish, not mammals) • Culturally unique (range, behaviors, & dialect) • Dec 2005 listed; critical habitat being defined… • A novel test of the ESA? • Primary prey is also an endangered icon (Chinook+) • Cultural facet of DPS (irreplacable complexity)

  14. Talk with me if you’re interested in studying or teaching with Beam Reach! Outline • Lecture 1: Fixed and towed hydrophone arrays • Lecture 2: Killer whales and the ESA • Lecture 3: Orca bioacoustics and soundscape

  15. Ceremony video: sonic culture? • October 4, 2005, ~ 5pm • West side of San Juan Island • 2 ITC hydrophones, 3 m depth • Parts of J and L pod Laura Madden, 2005

  16. Southern resident sound gallery • Ships • Boats • Sonar • Rain • Pile driving • Seismic… • Masking? • Calls (S1, S16, S19) • Echolocation • Whistles • Harbor seals • SCUBA divers • Transients • Humpbacks

  17. Beam Reach research • Student projects • Laura Madden, 2005: Diurnal vocal activity • Brett Becker, 2005: Puget Soundscape • Peggy Foreman, 2006: Localized calls • Development of hydrophone networks • Calibrated levels of sources • Ambient noise monitoring • Automated sound detection (winter distribution)

  18. Vocal patterns I (Laura M.)

  19. Vocal patterns II (Laura M.)

  20. Vocal activity over 1 hr (Laura M.)

  21. Puget Soundscape (Brett) Explore via link at http://beamreach.org/051/

  22. Call localization (Peggy F.)

  23. Results from a regional hydrophone network

  24. Proven monitoring system • Monitors continuously • Detects and records automatically • Computes statistical summaries • Localizes sound sources Hydrophones: ITC-4066 Bandwidth: 100Hz – 15kHz Digitizing rate: 44,100 sec-1 Averaging time: 2 seconds Reporting interval: 30 minutes

  25. Extant and proposed nodes in Haro Strait • Collaboration with Val Veirs • (Colorado College/TWM) • 4+ phones, ~30m offshore, ~10m depth • Calibrated to measure sound pressure levels • 5+ year lifetimes • 18+ months (4/04-11/05)results San Juan Island Orcasound Lime Kiln Haro Strait Victoria

  26. How loud are the calls of southern residents? 445 orca calls within 400 m of OrcaSound hydrophones Source level bandwidth: 100Hz – 10kHz

  27. 24 hours of ambient sound in Haro Strait 24 hrs

  28. Day Night dB date 120 120 120 1/11 100 100 100 1/12 1/13 8 am 8 pm 8 am Winter ambient soundJan 11 – Jan 13, 2005 ~ 20 Large Commercial Ships Pass Each Day

  29. Summer ambient sound Jul 03 – Jul 06, 2004 Day Night dB date 120 7/3 100 120 7/4 100 120 7/5 100 120 7/6 100 8 am 8 pm 8 am Recreational boats dominate during day Commercial ships dominate at night

  30. Monthly pattern of ambient noise June 2004 – November 2005

  31. Diurnal pattern of ambient noise Non-summer is October-April | Summer is July-August

  32. Conclusions about ambient noise in Haro Strait • Overall SPL: minimum ~95dB; average ~115dB. • Typical maximum SPL~130dB; maximum~144. • Ships are dominant source during winters and during summer nights (raising average ~20dB above minimum). • Boats make significant contribution during summer days (raise average by ~2dB during summer afternoons)

  33. EXTRA SLIDES

  34. Future research: expand the hydrophone network Testing node at Port Townsend Marine Science Center [link] Deploying node at Seattle Aquarium in Elliot Bay USGS

  35. Call duration (Celia B.) Perhaps SRKWs don’t modify their calls significantly in response to vessel noise? S1

  36. Echolocation rate (Wilfredo S.) • Foraging 10 min sample (Oct. 6) Avg: 416.2 clicks/min Max: 582 clicks/min • Traveling 10 min sample (Oct. 21) Avg: 15.5 clicks/min Max: 28 clicks/min • Rare pattern of clicks observed during foraging, not traveling

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