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1CSNW1 – week 6. Hogere lagen van het OSI model. OSI Reference Model (herh.). All People Seem To Need Data Processing. Bron: DevCentral. TCP / IP. IP : I nternet P rotocol.
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1CSNW1 – week 6 Hogere lagen van het OSI model
OSI Reference Model (herh.) All People Seem To Need Data Processing Bron: DevCentral
TCP / IP • IP : Internet Protocol. IP specifies the format of packets, also called datagram (soort brievenpost), and the addressing scheme (de ip-laag verzorgt de routering) • TCP : Transmission Control Protocol Whereas the IP protocol deals only with packets, TCP enables two hosts to establish a connection and exchange streams of data.TCP guarantees delivery of data and also guarantees that packets will be delivered in the same order in which they were sent.
The five-layer TCP/IP model 5. Application layer DHCP · DNS · FTP · Gopher · HTTP · IMAP4 · IRC · NNTP · XMPP · POP3 · SIP · SMTP · SNMP · SSH · TELNET · RPC · RTCP · RTSP · TLS · SDP · SOAP · GTP · STUN · NTP · (more) 4. Transport layer TCP · UDP · DCCP · SCTP · RTP · RSVP · IGMP · (more) 3. Network/Internet layer IP (IPv4 · IPv6) · OSPF · IS-IS · BGP · IPsec · ARP · RARP · RIP · ICMP · ICMPv6 · (more) 2. Data link layer 802.11 (WLAN) · 802.16 · Wi-Fi · WiMAX · ATM · DTM · Token ring · Ethernet · FDDI · Frame Relay · GPRS · EVDO · HSPA · HDLC · PPP · PPTP · L2TP · ISDN · (more) 1. Physical layer Ethernet physical layer · Modems · PLC · SONET/SDH · G.709 · Optical fiber · Coaxial cable · Twisted pair · (more)
32-bits IP-adres (IPv4) Waarden per octet liggen tussen 0 en 255
IP-adres op het internet • An IP address consists of two parts, one identifying the network and one identifying the node, or host • The Class of the address determines which part belongs to the network address and which part belongs to the node address • Class A supports 16 million hosts on each of 126 networksClass B supports 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000 networksClass C supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million networks
Five Classes of IP Addresses 145.89 192.168.0
Niet routeerbare adressen Beginadres Eindadres 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 127.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 (loopback)
TCP-header Het poortnummer is gekoppeld aan een bepaalde applicatie. Poort 80 wordt bijv. gebruikt voor http verkeer.
Protocol stack voor TCP/IP FTP via poort 21, HTTP via 80, telnet via 23, NNTP via 119, SMTP via 25(zie /etc/services op een linuxmachine voor een lijst met standaard poortnummers)
Eenvoudig netwerk met router Ethernet,MAC address ARP : Address Resolution Protocol, a network layer protocol used to convert an IP address into a physical address (Data Link Control address or MAC address). DHCP : Dynamic Host Configuration Protocolprotocol for assigning dynamic IP addresses to devices on a network.
IP version 6 (IPv6) • V: 4-bit Internet Protocol version number = 6. • Prio: 4-bit Priority value. • Flow Label: 24-bit field, Quality of Service. • Payload Length: 16-bit unsigned integer. Length of payload, i.e., the rest of the packet following the IPng header, in octets. • Next Hdr: 8-bit selector. Identifies the type of header immediately following the IPng header. • Hop Limit: 8-bit unsigned integer. Decremented by 1 by each node that forwards the packet. The packet is discarded if Hop Limit is decremented to zero. • Source Address: 128 bits. • Destination Address: 128 bits.
Globaal IP-versie 6 adres Global 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 2001:db8:85a3::8a2e:370:7334
Zones in IP-versie 6 Site-local fc00::/7 Link-local fe80::/10 Localhost ::1/128
Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) Suite of technology services developed by The Open Group for creating distributed applications that run on different platforms. OSF (Open Software Foundation)
LDAP • LDAPLightweight Directory Access Protocol, a set of protocols for accessing information directories. • OpenLDAP Open Source Version of LDAP • LDAP should make it possible for almost any application running on virtually any computer platform to obtain directory information, such as email addresses and public keys.
Security by Encryption • Encryption techniques are based on public and/or private key’s. • Examples: • GPG (GNU Pretty Good Privacy for files and email) • SSH (Secure Shell protocol) • SSL (Secure Socket Layer - on application level) • TLS (Transport Layer Security - on application level) • IPsec (IP secure – on IP level)
Netwerk toepassingen • Fileserver-systems • Remote execution / log-on • Distributed systems • Resource sharing (printer, scanner) • Document sharing (www) • Mail • Voice (radio, telefonie) • Video • .....
World Wide Web (WWW) • Begrippen • Uniform Resource Locator (URL) • Hypertext • HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) • HyperText Markup Language (HTML) • HTTP Deamon • (Web) browser • Java • Javascript (ECMA script) • eXtensible Markup Language (XML)
HTML voorbeeld <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>Voorbeeldpagina</TITLE> </HEAD><BODY> <IMG SRC=“plaatje.gif”> <H1>WELKOM</H1> <P> Hier volgen twee interessante pagina's <P> <A HREF= “voorbeeld2.html”>Lokale URL<A> <P> <A HREF=“ttp://www.andere.plek.nl”> URL op andere plek </A> </BODY> </HTML>
Bronnen • IPv4 (Wikipedia) • IPv6 (Wikipedia) • Classful Network (Wikipedia) • Internet Assigned Numbers Authority • Stichting Internet Domeinregistratie Nederland • TCP (Wikipedia) • The TCP/IP Guide • LDAP (Wikipedia) • World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
Opdrachten • Bestudeer hfdst. 15.5 en 15.6 • Maak opgaven 15.7 t/m 15.10 • Maak proeftentamen