Important announcement

1. Important announcement Another quiz for extra credit will be held on 9/20. There will be no exam on 9/22; rather there will be a regular class session. Most of the quizzes for extra credit will be pop-ups, so please get your own scantrons and pencils everyday to class. You can gain a maximum of 2 points on these pop-ups. The next exam is scheduled on 10/4

2. Heredity and environment • Gene-gene, gene-environment interaction • Genetic composition of mono and di- zygotic twins • Disorders and diseases influenced by genes • Chromosomal & genetic abnormalities

3. Gene - Gene Interactions Multifactoral traits—inherited traits produced by interaction of genes and environment Genes merely produce proteins, not mature traits. Without genes, no behavior would exists. But without environment no gene would be expressed. Polygenetic traits—inherited traits produced by gene interaction Additive, dominant recessive, on-off mechanisms.

4. Genotype: the genetic make-up of a trait Phenotype: the actual expression of a trait Careers are the genes in our genotype which is not expressed in out phenotype. Behavior genetics: is the study of what amount of out personality is determined by our genes

5. Genetic make-up: Multiple Zygotes Monozygotic twins—identical twins originate from one zygote & share identical instructions Dyzygotic or fraternal: fertilization for two different ova. share no more genes than other offspring (about 50 percent) women in late 30’s are three times more likely to have dizygotic twins. As menopause approaches, ovulation becomes irregular with some cycles produce no ova while others produce multiple ovas

6. Most of the diseases are carriers or an outcome of multiple alleles Alzheimer’s disease Schizophrenia Personality disorders: inherited bio-chemistry predisposes to these disorders Alcoholism, psychopathology, etc Diseases and disorders

7. Alcoholism, cont. it is psychological and physical, and biological; thus alcoholism is polygenetic, with alcoholics inheriting a combination of biochemistry-affecting and temperament-affecting genes Culture counts too(whether alcohol is present in environment)

8. A gamete with more than or less than 23 chromosomes creates a zygote with chromosomal abnormalities most likely variable that creates chromosomal abnormalities is mother’s age (over 35) father’s age (over 40) also a variable Chromosomal Abnormalities

9. Three chromosomes at chromosome #21 (trisomy-21) A think tongue, round face, slanted eyes Distinctive hands, feet and fingerprints Heart-problems, week muscles and small built. Intellectual attinment varies from mild to severe. Hardly live beyond the age of 40 Down Syndrome

10. Location of sex chromosome Kleinfelters syndrome—XXY Occurs in males seemingly normal child has delayed puberty Small penis and enlarged breasts. Abnormalities of the 23rd Pair

11. Genetic abnormality • When genes code for wrong proteins or fail to code for protective proteins. • PKU or phenylketonuria • Abnormal digestion of protein • Mental retardation, hyperactivity • Preventable by diet • Hemophilia • Absence of clotting factor in blood • Death from excessive bleeding