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-Week 5-

-Week 5-. Timeline of Modern Middle East – 1. 1914: Ottoman Empire enters WWI. 1917: Balfour Declaration on Palestine 1921: Reza Khan stages coup in Persia. Timeline of Modern Middle East – 2. 1923: Republic of Turkey is established

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-Week 5-

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  1. -Week 5-

  2. Timeline of Modern Middle East – 1 • 1914: Ottoman Empire enters WWI. • 1917: Balfour Declaration on Palestine • 1921: Reza Khan stages coup in Persia.

  3. Timeline of Modern Middle East – 2 • 1923: Republic of Turkey is established • 1925: RezaKhanproclaimshimselfShah. FoundsPahlavidynasty in Iran. • 1932: Kingdom of SaudiArabia is established • 1945 -46 : Autonomistmovements in Iran

  4. Timeline of Modern Middle East – 3 • 1947: Truman Doctrine • 1948: Proclamation of thestate of Israel. (750,000 PalestinianRefugessCreated ) • 1948 : First Arab-IsraeliWar. • 1951-53: IranianOilnationalizationcrisisandoverthrow of IranianMussadiqregime , mastermindedby CIA

  5. Timeline of Modern Middle East – 4 • 1952: EgyptianRevolution • 1953: Proclamation of theEgyptianRepublic. • 1954-55: EgyptandSyriapurchasearmsfromthe USSR viaCzechoslovakia • 1956: Eqyptian leader Nasser nationalizestheSuezCanalprompting a regional crisis.

  6. Timeline of Modern Middle East – 3 • 1958: Monarchy in Iraq is overthrown. • 1963:Overthrow of IraqiQasimregime, allegedly mastermindedby CIA • 1967: Six-DayArab-IsraeliWar: Israelgainscontrol of Gaza, GolanHeights, West Bank , SinaiPeninsula

  7. Timeline of Modern Middle East – 4 • 1968: Nominally pro-Soviet Ba'ath Party coup in Iraq. • 1973: The Yom Kippur War (October War) between Israel, Egypt, and Syria • 1974: PLO (nominally supported by the SU) recognized as the sole legitimate representative of Palestinians • 1975-1989: Lebanese civil war

  8. Timeline of Modern Middle East – 5 • 1978: Camp David Accords: treaty between Egypt and Israel • 1979 : Islamic Revolution in Iran; Fall of the Shah; installation of the Iranian Revolution • 1980-1988: Iran-Iraq War.

  9. Donald Rumsfeld -Reagan's Envoy- provided Iraq withchemical & biological weapons ( October,1983)

  10. Timeline of Modern Middle East – 6 • 1981: Assanitationof President Sadat.SmoothsucessionbyMubarak in Eqypt. • 1988: First intifada begins. • 1989 : Taif Agreement ending of the civil war in Lebanon. • 1990-1991: TheGulfWar.

  11. Political/economic characteristics of Middle East (with or without) Cold War 1) The presence anddevelopment of oil in much of ME andthe rest of theworldsdemand. 2) Complexlocalissuessuch as Palestineconflict. 3) Arab nationalismandpoliticalislam.

  12. Origins • Cold War had deep effects on the Middle East, though the extent of this impact is disputed. • Struggle between US and USSR over influence in the Middle East after WW II.

  13. Effects of CW on the Middle East • Polarizedpolitical life. • Encouragedtherise of militaryormilitarybackedregimes • Preventthegrowth of indigeneouspolitical institutions.

  14. Great Powers’ main areas of concern • Strategic advantage • Oil reserves • Ideological conflict

  15. 1) Strategic Advantage • Conflicts in Greece, Turkey and Iran as early manifestations of Cold War’s impact in the Middle East • Truman Doctrine (1947) , Baghdad Pact (1955) , Eisenhower Doctrine (1957) , CENTO (1959) • Suez Crisis (1956)

  16. Strategic Advantage - Greece • After the evacuation of German forces from Greece in 1944, there were two groups in that country that wanted to take power: the monarchists and the Communists. • In 1946 communists - received moral support from the USSR and actual material support from Yugoslavia - attempted a takeover. • Greece was in a highly sensitive position militarily and Trumanwanted to give the monarchists as much support as he could during the Civil War.

  17. Strategic Advantage -Turkey • The USSR’s Black Sea Fleet was bottled up in the Black Sea. It had to use the narrow waterway through Turkey – the Dardanelles – to get into the Mediterranean Sea. • Dissatisfied with the Turkish straits regime, in June 1945, Moscow called for joint Soviet-Turkish defense of the straits and the installation of Soviet bases. • These demands were coupled with territorial claims over the eastern Turkish provinces.

  18. Truman Doctrine (March 1947) • Faced with an armed leftist movement with external support coupled with prospects of British withdrawal and parallel develepments in Turkey, the US announced the Truman Doctrine. • Promising to send $400 million in military and economic aid to support Greece and Turkey. • The Doctrine was to set the tone for US foreign policy throughout the world post-March 1947. • In 1952, they became NATO members with a clear message to Moscow that an attack on either would be deemed by others to be an attack on all of them.

  19. The Eisenhower Doctrine (1957) Authorizing the commitment of U.S. forces "to secure and protect the territorial integrity and political independence of such nations, requesting such aid against overt armed aggression from any nation controlled by international communism."

  20. Strategic Advantage – Iran (AzerisandKurds ) • In August 1941, after the German invasion of Russia and Reza Shah’s pro-German leanings, British ( south ) and Soviet forces (north) occupied Iran. • Following the end of WWII, most Azeris and Kurds (in north) decided that autonomy within Iran, with Soviet support was both praticanle and desirable. • Accordingly, a Kurdish autonomous republic and an Azeri autnomous government were declared, which looked threatening from London, Washington ,and Tehran.

  21. Strategic Advantage – Iran (Kurds and Azeris) • These fears intensified when the SU declined to set a date for the withdrawal of its troops from the countryin contravention of the Tripartite Treaty of Alliance (1942). • The SU certainly sought an oil concession in the areas around the Caspian and a friedly local government in along with a share of Anglo-Iranian oil company (BP later).

  22. Suez Crisis (1956)

  23. Suez Crisis (1956) • The Middle East was a key area within the Cold War context and the Suez Canal was seen as vital. • By 1951 the British had 80,000 troops stationed along the Suez Canal making it the largest military base in the world. • To many in Britain the Suez Canal was a sign of Britain’s overseas power – to many Egyptians it was an emblem of an empire and should have gone when WWII ended.

  24. Suez Crisis (1956) • As thelastBritishtroopsleftEgypt, Nasserwascompletingthepurchase of Soviet-madeaircraft, tanksandarms. • On 19 July, the US informed not toprovidefundingfortheconstruction of the dam. • On 26 July 1956, Nasser nationalised the Anglo-French Suez Canal Company.

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