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Chapter 14. A Nation Divided. Lesson 1: North and South Grow Apart. Seek First to Understand. There were many differences between the North and South in the 1800s. Differences . Results: Sectionalism —loyalty to a section or part of the country rather than the whole country.
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Chapter 14 A Nation Divided
Seek First to Understand • There were many differences between the North and South in the 1800s.
Differences Results: Sectionalism—loyalty to a section or part of the country rather than the whole country
How Could They Make Their Circumstances a Win/Win Situation?
Slavery-North and South • By 1850, most northern states had outlawed slavery. • In the south, slaves were used by plantation owners to harvest crops such as tobacco, cotton, and rice. • Northern workers were free and paid for their work. However, in the northern factories, many put in long hours, under difficult conditions, for low pay.
Profitable • Was profitable for the southern economy • Brought in more than twice as much money as the cost of owning the slave • Cotton was usually grown on large plantations • Many lived on small farms as wellwhere the farmer often worked alongside the slaves
By 1860, there were almost 4,000,000 enslaved African AmericansFree and Enslaved African Americans 1820-1860
Free to Vote? • Even free African Americans did not always have the same rights as whites • Even though some states no longer required white men to own land, they DID require black men to own land in order to vote.
David Walker • Free African American • Abolitionist • Asked: “How would they like us to make slaves of …them?”
Slave Owners Defend Slavery • Pointed to evils of factories in the north, where people worked long hours, in bad surroundings, for little pay. • Slave owners argued that slaves were better off than northern factory workers.
Resistance • Slaves resisted slavery in many ways: • Escapes • Refused to obey the owner • Worked less or at a slower pace • Pretended to be sick • Broke tools needed for work • Learning to readand write
No Choices • Slaves had no choices: • Families were separated • Told when to work and when to stop • Could not leave without permission • Decided whether or not they could marry • Decided the age at which children began working
Slave Codes • Laws were passed limiting the rights of slaves • Slave codes—laws to control behavior of slaves • Slaves could not hit a white person (even in self-defense) • Slaves were not allowed to own property • Few slaves were allowed to buy and sell goods
Nat Turner’s Rebellion • Led a rebellion against slavery • Killed about 60 whites • US and Virginia troops were called in to stop them • Soldiers killed more than 100 African Americans • Turner escaped but was later captured and hanged
Joseph Cinque • Led a rebellion against slavery • Seized control of a ship called Amistad (a Spanish slave ship) • He told the Africans, “We may as well die trying to be free.” • The Africans told a Spanish sailor to take them back to Africa • He tricked the Africans and took them along the coast of the United States until the US Navy captured them. • The Africans were taken as prisoners. • At first, the US planned to return them to the Spanish. • Abolitionists printed articles in newspapers of their plan • Their case eventually went before the Supreme Court
Former President John Quincy Adams • Presented the case in favor of the Africans • He argued that the Africans were not property. They were humans and should not be returned to Spain. • Supreme Court reached a decision • It agreed with Adams and set the Africans free, and all 35 survivors sailed back to Africa later that year.
Underground Railroad • Not a real railroad • Underground railroad—an organized, secret system set up to help enslaved people escape the South to freedom in the North or Canada. • Conductors—people who helped those escaping • Stations—the houses, barns, and other places where escaped slaves hid along their journey
Escape? • They were guided by the North Star • On cloudy nights, they felt for moss on tree trunks, because moss tends to grow on the north side of trees. • All along the journey they faced the risk of capture, a severe beating, or death. • Between 40,000 and 100,000 slaves escaped using the Underground Railroad
Harriet Tubman • Most famous “conductor” • She escaped slavery herself • Settled in Philadelphia • Before the Civil War, she returned 19 times! • She led more than 300 people (including her mother and father) to freedom • She said, “I never ran my train off track and I never lost a passenger.”
Levi Coffin • White teacher • “Conductor” on the Underground Railroad • Opened a school for slaves in North Carolina • Slave owners closed his school • He moved to Indiana and started “conducting”
Catherine Coffin • Levi’s wife • Helped her husband “conduct” • Together they led more than 2,000 slaves to freedom
Free African Americans • In 1860, 4.5 million Africans in US • 4.1 million in the South
Fear • Although free, they feared losing their freedom. Any white person could accuse them of being a slave. • Without a certificate of freedom, African Americans in the South could be sent into slavery • Escaped slaves in the North could be kidnapped by slave catchers and returned to slavery in the South • Could not hold certain jobs • They were threatened by whites in the North and South over jobs
Hope • Thousands found jobs • Thousands bought property
Free or Slave State? • Free state—slavery is not allowed • Slave State—slavery is allowed • In 1819, the US was made up of 11 free states and 11 slave states • This means the number of senators were balanced as well (each state has 2)
New State • In 1819 Missouri asked for statehood as a slave state • Northern states did not want to add a slave state • Southern states took the opposite position.
John C. Calhoun • From South Carolina • Leader of the southerners in the Senate • Believed in states’ rights (the idea that states have the right to make decisions about issues that concern them) • Believed slavery should be legal if a state wanted it to be
Henry Clay • Senator from Kentucky • Known as the “Great Compromiser” • Urged a solution called the Missouri Compromise
Missouri Compromise • Missouri was admitted as a slave state • Maine was admitted as a free state • Now there are 24 states (12 slave and 12 free) • It tried to settle issues of future states gaining statehood • It drew a line dividing north and south • Any state south of the line would be slave • Any state north of the line would be free
