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Experimental tests of food limitation. Individual as the experimental unit. Becker et al. 1998. Oikos 81:81-92. Larsen et al. 1997. J. Mamm. 78:192-203. Boutin & Larsen 1993 J.Anim.Ecol. 78:192-203. The effects of food supplementation on winter survival…. p=0.07. p=0.22.
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Experimental tests offood limitation • Individual as the experimental unit Becker et al. 1998. Oikos 81:81-92 Larsen et al. 1997. J. Mamm. 78:192-203 Boutin & Larsen 1993 J.Anim.Ecol. 78:192-203
The effects of food supplementation on winter survival… p=0.07 p=0.22
…body mass p=0.79 p=0.27
…parturition date p=0.003 p=0.73
…litter size p=0.14 p=0.10
…weaning success p=0.63 p=0.73
ReproductiveEnergetics • Natural and experimental variation in litter size • Short-term energetic and behavioural consequences • Long-term life history consequences Humphries & Boutin 2000 Ecology 81:2867-77 Humphries & Boutin 1999 Can.J. Zool. 77:171-73 Humphries & Boutin. 1996. J. Anim. Ecol. 65:332-338
+/-/ 2 offspring Weigh and tag Maternal behaviour and energetics
Juvenile growth Treatment p=0.009 Year p<0.001
Maternal behaviour Treatment p=0.54 Year p<0.001
Maternal expenditure Treatment p=0.001 Temperature p<0.001
Post-weaning Juvenile Survival Treatment p=0.04