Integrating Concepts in Biology

1. Integrating Concepts in Biology PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 8: Evolution of Organisms Section 8.1: What causes individual variation? by A. Malcolm Campbell, Laurie J. Heyer, and Chris Paradise

2. Relationship between height of parents and offspring slope of one best-fit line Size of circles proportional to the number of comparisons Figure 8.1

3. BME 8.1: How does linear regression work?

4. BME 8.1: How does linear regression work? slope y-intercept

5. BME 8.1: How does linear regression work? Consider: rm+sb=t um+vb=w Solve for m and b: m=(sw-tv)/(su-rv) b=(tu-rw)/(su-rv)

6. BME 8.1: How does linear regression work? Σ(xi2) * m + Σ(xi) * b = Σ(xi * yi) Σ(xi) * m + n*b = Σ(yi) Consider: rm+sb=t um+vb=w Solve for m: m=(sw-tv)/(su-rv)

7. BME 8.1: How does linear regression work? Σ(xi2) * m + Σ(xi) * b = Σ(xi * yi) Σ(xi) * m + n*b = Σ(yi) Consider: rm+sb=t um+vb=w Solve for m: m=(sw-tv)/(su-rv)

8. BME 8.1: How does linear regression work? Σ(xi2) * m + Σ(xi) * b = Σ(xi * yi) Σ(xi) * m + n*b = Σ(yi) Consider: rm+sb=t um+vb=w Solve for m: m=(sw-tv)/(su-rv) Σ(xi2) Σ(xi) Excel formula for m: =((F2*G3)-(G2*F3))/((F2*E3)-(E2*F3)) =[(Σ(xi)*Σ(yi)) – (Σ(xi*yi)*(n)] / [(Σ(xi)*Σ(xi)) – (Σ(xi2)*(n))] = ((s * w) – (t * v)) / ((s * u) – (r * v))

9. BME 8.1: How does linear regression work? Σ(xi2) * m + Σ(xi) * b = Σ(xi * yi) Σ(xi) * m + n*b = Σ(yi) Consider: rm+sb=t um+vb=w Solve for b: b=(tu-rw)/(su-rv) Σ(xi2) Σ(xi) Excel formula for b: =((G2*E3)-(E2*G3))/((F2*E3)-(E2*F3)) =[((Σ(xi*yi)*Σ(xi)) – (Σ(xi2)*Σ(yi)] / [(Σ(xi)*Σ(xi)) – (Σ(xi2)*(n))]

10. Mean blood pressures for rats in two colonies Figure 8.2

11. Portions of the β and α adducin subunit DNA sequences and corresponding amino acid sequence letters correspond to different amino acids position along the protein Figure 8.3

12. Mean blood pressures for rats in two colonies αY/αY ; βR/βR αF/αF ; β_/β_ Figure 8.2

13. Systolic BPs of the 3 combinations of 2 versions of the β adducin gene in rats from the low BP colony Q and R refer to the amino acid at position 529 of β subunit Figure 8.4

14. BP of 9 combinations of two versions of the α and β adducin genes in rats after two generations of breeding low and high blood pressure rats together. BP of high BP parental strain BP of low BP parental strain Figure 8.5

15. Variation of combinations of the two adducin genes All parents are heterozygous Table 8.1

16. Zinc and copper contamination and pH in soils surrounding a smelting operation in Pennsylvania Table 8.2

17. Stomata and hair densities of sandwort collected at two times and grown in controlled conditions What do the results of the common garden experiment show? Figure 8.6

18. Stomata and hair densities of honeysuckle collected at two times and grown in controlled conditions What do the results of the common garden experiment show? Figure 8.6

19. Responses of the acorn barnacle (Chthamalus anisopoma) to the snail predator (Acanthina). bent and cone shell shapes Spine used to pry barnacles Figure 8.7

20. Responses of the acorn barnacle (Chthamalus anisopoma) to the snail predator (Acanthina). results of predator exclusion experiment Figure 8.7

21. Responses of the acorn barnacle (Chthamalus anisopoma) to the snail predator (Acanthina). without predator Survival of barnacles with predator Figure 8.7

22. Integrating Concepts in Biology PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 8: Evolution of Organisms Section 8.2: How does selection act on individuals with variable characteristics? by A. Malcolm Campbell, Laurie J. Heyer, and Chris Paradise

23. Poecilia reticulata http://www.erdingtonaquatics.com/guppies.html

24. Survival of guppies with different behavioral tendencies to inspect potential predators Figure 8.8

25. Mean number of predator inspections by bright and drab male guppies Is there an effect of brightness or predation? Figure 8.9

26. Effects of presence of female and male color on predator inspection behavior • Predator inspections initiated by bright or drab males when females either present or absent. • Relationship between boldness and brightness of males. • Relationship between minimum distance of an approaching predator and brightness of males. Figure 8.10

27. Preferences of female guppies in choice tests Figure 8.11

28. BME 8.2: Do females really prefer bold males? When a predator was present, 14 / 20 female guppies preferred the bright male to the drab male when the bright male was the bold one 16 / 20 preferred the drab male to the bright male when the drab male was the bold one.

29. BME 8.2: Do females really prefer bold males? • p-value of preference test = probability of getting at least the observed number of guppies choosing one color and behavior combination. • Here, the p-value = probability of at least 14 of 20 guppies making this choice. • BME IQ 8.2a leads to estimate of this probability. • In BME IQ 8.2e, you computed the probability of exactly 14 heads in 20 tosses of a fair coin • =(1/2)20 x number of arrangements in which there are exactly 14 heads (20 choose 14). • =38,760 x (1/2)20 = 0.037. • Probability of at least 14 heads in 20 tosses, repeat for situations of 15 – 20 heads, and sum. • http://stattrek.com/online-calculator/binomial.aspx

30. Summary of guppy experiments • Bold males selected against in first experiment. • In presence of females, bright more likely than drab guppies to swim towards, and inspect, potential predators. • Bright guppies more likely to flee before predator gets too close. • Females preferred to mate w/ bold males when predator was nearby and bright males when predator absent; appearance = boldness? • Bold males inspections may signal to predator that it has been spotted. Bold individuals more aware? • Bold, healthy males may contribute more advantageous genes. • Phenotypes remain in population when providing advantage to possessor; phenotypes selected against reduce ability of individual to survive or reproduce.

31. Spatial pattern of flower color along two transects that cut through a ravine of desert snow (Linanthus parryae) Position of ravine dividing populations How does the frequency of the white allele change across the ravine? Figure 8.12

32. Estimates of frequencies for four allozymes along each transect How does the spatial pattern in flower color compare to the allele frequencies? Figure 8.12

33. Estimates of frequencies for four allozymes along each transect No spatial pattern evident in these allozymes – note the slope of each line Figure 8.12

34. Spatial pattern of flower color along two transects that cut through a ravine, and estimates of frequencies for four allozymes along each Position of ravine dividing populations Figure 8.12

35. Mean seed production (± 1 s.e.) for blue- and white-flowered desert snow plants from transplant plots Do you detect evidence for natural selection? blue side white side Figure 8.13

36. Variation in plant cover on two sides of a ravine where desert snow grows Asterisks indicate that the cover for a species was statistically different on the two sides. What do the patterns suggest to you? Figure 8.14

37. Differences in soil composition along a transect that crossed the ravine Asterisks indicate that the variable was statistically different on the two sides. What do the patterns suggest to you? Figure 8.14

38. Integrating Concepts in Biology Chapter 8: Evolution of Organisms Section 8.3: Can you observe descent with modification?

39. Evolutionary tree of major groups of plant species. To what group of species are flowering plants most closely related? The species that existed at branch point “b” was the common ancestor of what groups of species? Figure 8.15

40. Morphology and pollen packet placement of orchids The pollen packet lies at the end of the erect anther. Orchid flowers often have a lip Figure 8.16

41. Meliorchiscaribea. This orchid pollinarium, carried by a worker stingless bee, is preserved in amber and represents the first definitive fossil record for the family Orchidaceae. (scale bar, 1,000 mm). http://www.anu.edu.au/BoZo/orchid_pollination/

42. Phenotypic characters for several orchid genera. Table 8.3

43. Phenotypic characters for several orchid genera. Living orchids Table 8.3

44. Phenotypic characters for several orchid genera. The fossilized orchid Table 8.3

45. Phenotypic characters for several orchid genera. Phenotypes denoted by letters Table 8.3

46. Phenotypic characters for several orchid genera. Particular form of a phenotype coded as a number Table 8.3

47. Figure BME 8.3.1 Three rooted trees (b, c, d) consistent with the same unrooted tree (a).

48. Figure BME 8.3.1 Three rooted trees (b, c, d) consistent with the same unrooted tree (a). Unrooted tree Rooted trees

49. Figure BME 8.3.1 Three rooted trees (b, c, d) consistent with the same unrooted tree (a). Tree b is rooted at point B, species 1 (blue)

50. Figure BME 8.3.1 Three rooted trees (b, c, d) consistent with the same unrooted tree (a). Tree c is rooted at point C