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Antigens (proteins that can be recognized by antibodies). Immune Response: Initial Infection. Pathogens (disease-causing bacteria or viruses or other organisms) invade your body. Macrophage. B Cell# 34,599. B Cell # 146,883. Cell-Mediated Response. Antibody-Mediated Response.
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Antigens (proteins that can be recognized by antibodies) Immune Response: Initial Infection Pathogens (disease-causing bacteria or viruses or other organisms) invade your body
Macrophage B Cell# 34,599 B Cell # 146,883 Cell-Mediated Response Antibody-Mediated Response Immune Response Step 1: Initial Recognition of Infection MHC Protein MACROPHAGE are white blood cells that gobble up foreign invaders. ANTIBODIES are Y-Shaped proteins. The ends of the arms of the Y have antigen-binding sites. Each different type of antibody has a uniquely shaped antigen-binding site. B CELLS are white blood cells that produce antibodies. Each person can produce hundreds of millions of different B Cells. Each type of B cell is genetically-unique and produces a unique antibody. Two B cells(out of hundreds of millions) are shown here.
Cell-Mediated Response Antibody-Mediated Response Immune Response Step 2: Phagocytosis of Pathogen Macrophage B Cell # 146,883 MACROPHAGE engulf (phagocytize) the pathogenic invader. After this, the macrophage kills and breaks down the pathogen into pieces. The B CELL that has an antibody that binds to antigen engulfs(phagocytizes) the antigen-antibody complex. After this, the B cell kills and breaks down the pathogen into pieces.
Antigen-Presenting Cell Antigen-Presenting Cell Cell-Mediated Response Antibody-Mediated Response Immune Response Step 3: Antigen-Presenting Cells MACROPHAGE display parts of the pathogen alongside the MHC protein. At this point, the macrophage is called an Antigen-Presenting Cell (or APC). The B CELLdisplays parts of the pathogen alongside the MHC protein. At this point, this B cell is called an Antigen-Presenting Cell (or APC).
T Cell # 2,888,124 Antigen-Presenting Cell T Cell #492 Cell-Mediated Response Antibody-Mediated Response Immune Response Step 4: Helper T Cell-APC Interaction Antigen-Presenting Cell HELPER T CELLS are another kind of white blood cell. There are hundreds of millions of different kinds of T Cells. Each is genetically unique and each displays a unique form of the protein called T Cell Receptor protein. Shown here are two of the hundreds of millions of different kinds of T Cells in a persons body.
T Cell # 2,888,124 Antigen-Presenting Cell Cell-Mediated Response Antibody-Mediated Response Immune Response Step 5: Helper T Cell Stimulation Antigen-Presenting Cell Binding of Helper T Cell to APC stimulates the APC to secrete Interleukin. Interleukin stimulates Helper T cells to rapidly reproduce. Since Helper T Cell # 2,888,124 is locked on, it will be in an area of high Interleukin concentration. So among all the Helper T Cells floating around the body, Helper T Cell # 2,888,124 will be the one to reproduce rapidly and repeatedly.
T Cell # 2,888,124 T Cell # 2,888,124 T Cell # 2,888,124 T Cell # 2,888,124 T Cell # 2,888,124 T Cell # 2,888,124 T Cell # 2,888,124 T Cell # 2,888,124 Antigen-Presenting Cell Cell-Mediated Response Antibody-Mediated Response Immune Response Step 5: Helper T Cell Proliferation Antigen-Presenting Cell Huge numbers of T Cell # 2,888,124 are produced.
CYTOTOXIC T Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 CYTOTOXIC T Cell # 2,888,124 CYTOTOXIC T Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 CYTOTOXIC T Cell # 2,888,124 MEMORY T Cell # 2,888,124 CYTOTOXIC T Cell # 2,888,124 MEMORY T Cell # 2,888,124 MEMORY T Cell # 2,888,124 MEMORY T Cell # 2,888,124 MEMORY T Cell # 2,888,124 MEMORY T Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 T Cell # 2,888,124 Antigen-Presenting Cell Cell-Mediated Response Antibody-Mediated Response Antigen-Presenting Cell Immune Response Step 6: Helper T Cell Differentiation Cytotoxic T Cells kill body cells infected by the pathogen. Memory T Cells are fairly inactive. They reproduce at a steady pace. Helper T Cells interact with other white blood cells to propagate the immune response.
HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 T Cell # 2,888,124 Antigen-Presenting Cell Cell-Mediated Response Antibody-Mediated Response Antigen-Presenting Cell Immune Response Step 7: Helper B Cell Stimulation HELPER T CELL #2,888,124 binds to the antigen-presenting B cell (#146,883) since this B cell displays the same antigen-MHC complex. This binding stimulates Helper T Cell to secrete Cytokines. Cytokines stimulate B cells to rapidly reproduce. Since B cell 146,883 is locked on, it will be the one to rapidly reproduce. Thus, the B Cell that produces the antibody that binds to the current infectious agent is the one that proliferates.
HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 T Cell # 2,888,124 Antigen-Presenting Cell B Cell # 146,883 B Cell # 146,883 B Cell # 146,883 B Cell # 146,883 B Cell # 146,883 B Cell # 146,883 B Cell # 146,883 B Cell # 146,883 B Cell # 146,883 Cell-Mediated Response Antibody-Mediated Response Antigen-Presenting Cell Immune Response Step 8: Helper B Cell Proliferation Many copies of B Cell 146,883 are produced.
HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 Antigen-Presenting Cell Memory B Cell # 146,883 Memory B Cell # 146,883 Memory B Cell # 146,883 Plasma B Cell #146,883 Plasma B Cell #146,883 Plasma B Cell #146,883 Plasma B Cell #146,883 Plasma B Cell #146,883 Memory B Cell # 146,883 Memory B Cell # 146,883 Plasma B Cell #146,883 Memory B Cell # 146,883 Cell-Mediated Response Antibody-Mediated Response Immune Response Step 9: Helper B Cell Differentiation Plasma B Cells produce and secrete large quantities of antibodies. This helps to fight the current infection. Memory B Cells are fairly inactive. They reproduce at a steady rate and will be present if the body is ever re-infected with the same pathogen.
MEMORY T Cell # 2,888,124 MEMORY T Cell # 2,888,124 MEMORY T Cell # 2,888,124 MEMORY T Cell # 2,888,124 MEMORY T Cell # 2,888,124 MEMORY T Cell # 2,888,124 MEMORY T Cell # 2,888,124 MEMORY T Cell # 2,888,124 MEMORY T Cell # 2,888,124 Memory B Cell # 146,883 Memory B Cell # 146,883 Memory B Cell # 146,883 Memory B Cell # 146,883 Memory B Cell # 146,883 Memory B Cell # 146,883 Immune Response Step 10: Immunity If the body is ever again infected with the same pathogen, then the particular Memory T Cells and Memory B Cells that specifically recognize and bind this pathogen are already present. So steps 1-5 and 7-8 won’t have to happen. This makes for a faster immune response upon re-infection (so you don’t feel like you’re sick).
HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 HELPERT Cell # 2,888,124 T Cell # 2,888,124 Antigen-Presenting Cell Cell-Mediated Response Antibody-Mediated Response Antigen-Presenting Cell Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV infects Helper T Cells. When HIV infects a person’s body, that stimulates an immune response. This causes an increase in Helper T Cells. But this increase in Helper T Cells is an increase in hosts as far as HIV is concerned.
