ANSC 301

1. ANSC 301 Animal Health

2. Diseases • Any deviation from the normal state of health. • Accurate disease diagnoses is an essential element in any health management program.

3. Health • What is normal? • 101.5 F • Clear runny nose vs ??? • Droopy appearance/ watery eyes • Off feed and/or water • Gait • Scours • Cough

4. Vaccines • Antigen- is any substance that, when introduced parenterally into animal tissue stimulates the production antibodies. • Antibody- is any substance that makes its appearance in the body fluids of an animal in response to a stimulus provided by the parenteral introduction of an antigen into the tissues, therefore the antibodies give the desired protection.

5. Types of Vaccines • Killed – not as effective yet given to pregnant females • Can be stored for a longer period of time • Modified Live – more effective yet should not be given to pregnant females • Cannot be stored as long

6. Clostridial Diseases Bacillary Hemoglobinuria (Red Water Disease) Blackleg caused by Cl. Chauvoei Enterotoxemias caused by Cl. Perfringens type C&D Infectious necrotic hepatitis caused by Cl. Novi Malignant edema caused by Cl. Septicum Big head caused by Cl. Sordellii Brucellosis Vibrio Leptospirosis IBR-IPV BVD Parainfluenza 3 BRSV Pneumonic Pateurellosi s Haemophilosis Anthrax Most Common diseases vaccinated against in Texas in Cattle

7. Tuberculosis • A serious bacterial disease • Affects respiratory system • Three main types: • Human, cattle, avian • Avian is restricted to birds • Bovine can affect many warm blooded vertebrates • Can be transmitted to hogs and dogs

8. Tuberculosis • Symptoms • Usually no signs of ailment • Treatment • Test and slaughter reactors • Report to state veterinarian • Prevention • Periodic testing

9. Soremouth • Contagious ecthyma • Signs – difficulty eating, spreading lesions to the does udder • Vaccination – use live virus by scarifying the skin and painting on the vaccine.

10. Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (Sore Mouth) • Cause: infectious viral disease (affects animals and humans) • Symptoms: Pimples around the nose, mouth, eyes, anus, and hoofs. These turn to watery blisters then to sticky, encrusted scabs. The mouth and gums swell. Can cause death if the animal is unable to eat.

11. Soremouth

12. Sore Mouth cont… • Treatment: Isolate the goat and use an antibiotic spray or ointment. Vaccination is not recommended. Use a medication with Cephapirin Benzathine.

13. Pinkeye • Infectious keratoconjunctivitis. • Occurs in warm and hot weather because it is spread be flies and close contact. • Highly contagious. • Prevention – good sanitation, and fly control.

14. Pinkeye • Cause: spread by flies, dust and long grass • Symptoms: watery eye, red and cornea is cloudy, sensitive to light • Treatment: flush eyes with penicillin or Oxytetracycline for a few days and also isolate the animal from other animals. Broad spectrum antibiotics, sprays and powders. Remove from sunlight and cover with patch.

15. Symptoms Water eyes Swelling Corneal opacity ulceration Transmission Commonly associated with irritants (dust, stress, sunlight, grass, weeds, pollen, etc.) Face flies Pinkeye (Moraxella bovis)

16. Pinkeye • Treatment • Oxytetracycline • Patch over infected eye • Prevention • Control of flies • Isolate infected animals • Select breeding animals with eyelid pigmentation

17. Pinkeye

18. Symptoms Spasms Contractions of voluntary muscles High mortality rate Transmission Through wounds Especially deep puncture wounds Tetanus • Treatment= antibiotics, tranquilizers, high doses of tetanus anitoxins • Prevention= avoid contamination of open wounds - vaccinate in high risk areas

19. Tetanus cont. • Anti-toxin vstoxoid • Booster is a must • Clostridium perfringens type C & D, primarily type D.

20. Foot Rot • Necrotic Pododermatitis, Interdigital Necrobacillosis, fusobacterium necrophorum • Known to live in the soil for > 10 mos. • Causes lameness in cattle • Incubation is about 5 days • Foot tissue or skin has to be broken for introduction of bacteria • Stones, plant stubble, wire, nails, glass, etc. are all culprits of causing cuts or abrasions that lead to infection

21. Foot Rot • Cause: Flusiformis nodosus infection enters the hoof & causes inflammation of the sensitive laminae • Symptoms: mild to severe lameness, animals are reluctant to walk; associated with a foul smell • Treatment: Hoof paring in order to remove the underrun hoof. Apply antiseptics to remove any infection.

22. Foot Rot • 5% CuSO4 or 5% formalin are used as walk-in foot baths at dairies • Also, antibiotics such as Naxcel, Nuflor, LA 200, Sulmet, tetracycline powders are used • If possible, clean and trim the foot of dead tissue and then apply an antiseptic

23. Pneumonia • Cause: infection of the lung • Respiratory Problem • Prevention – decrease stress by providing dry, well-ventilated housing with adequate space. • Symptoms – unthriftiness, runny nose, loss of appetite and high temp.

24. Pneumonia • Symptoms cont.: stops eating, hangs head, sounds congested, rapid or difficulty coughing and breathing • Treatment – Antibiotics and correction of predisposing factors with environmental conditions. Oxytetrocycline; if severe, may require veterinary-only drugs

25. Mycoplasma Hyopneumonia • Cause – mycoplasma hyopneumonia bacteria • Infectious respiratory disease of swine • Prevalence – 80 – 90% of US swine herds • Transmission – animal to animal contact

26. Mycoplasma Hyopneumonia cont. • Clinical signs • Sneezing • Dry cough • Listlessness • Poor growth performance • Economic Losses • Death loss • Reduced feed efficiency 10 – 30% • gain

27. Mycoplasma Hyopneumonia cont. • Treatment – antibiotics – Lincomycin • Control – depopulation • Can live with it with good management, i.e. no stress, good nutrition

28. Atrophic Rhinitis • Cause • Bordetella bacteria • Pasturella bacteria • Transmission • Pig to pig contact

29. Atrophic Rhinitis cont. • Clinical signs • Affects nasal turbinate bone development • Early sign in baby pigs • Sneezing • Distortion of nose • Pneumonia • Black areas around eyes

30. Atrophic Rhinitis cont. • Control • Vaccination • Depopulation – only way to completely get rid of • antibiotics

31. Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome(PRRS)

32. What is in a name? • Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome has been called by many names, but now is referred to as PRRS • Other names were/are: • Mystery Swine Disease (name first given to the disease) • Mystery Reproductive Syndrome • Swine Infertility and Respiratory Syndrome (SIRS) • Blue Ear Disease • Lelystad Virus (virus that causes PRRS)

33. PRRS was discovered in 1987 in the United States and 1991 in the Netherlands, soon spreading throughout all of Canada and Europe. There are so many different strains of PRRS that preventative vaccines are not 100% effective. PRRS is a virus that causes reproductive failure in breeding stock and respiratory tract failure in young pigs. PRRS costs the United States swine industry approximately $600 million yearly. What is PRRS?

34. Origination Researchers at the University of Minnesota hypothesized that: “A mutant of a closely related arterivirus of mice (lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus) infected wild boars in central Europe. These wild boars functioned as intermediate hosts and spread the virus to North Carolina in imported, infected European wild boars in 1912; the virus then evolved independently on the two continents in the prevalent wild hog populations for approximately 70 years until independently entering the domestic pig population.” - Peter G.W. Plagemann

35. Symptoms/Problems in Pigs PRRS is more severe in nursery pigs than in finishing pigs. • Severe pneumonia with coughing & labored breathing • Increased pre-weaning sickness & death • Pigs with PRRS will take longer to finish • High fever • Depression (shows in finishing pigs)

36. Transmission of PRRS • Introduction of infected hogs into the herd • Mucus / Nose to Nose • Urine • Feces • Semen (both artificial insemination and natural) • Air (possible but not as likely) • Blood

37. A common misconception about PRRS is that if the hog acquires the virus and lives, it will then be immune for the rest of its life. This is not true, not only can the hog acquire the disease again, but could also recover and live out its days as carrier (showing no signs).

38. Prevention • PRRS vaccine (not 100% effective & consideration needs to be taken due to the fact it is a modified live virus) • Clean farrowing houses • Disinfection & drying of pens • Better management practices • Quarantine incoming hogs for 60 days • Realize facility’s limitations and do not overcrowd • Prevent infected stock from entering herd • Do “homework” on potential purchases, investigate the herd, herdsman and general management practices before committing to buy.

39. What is Circovirus? • There are actually two types of Circovirus: • Porcine Circovirus (PCV) 1 – PCV-1 • Porcine Circovirus (PCV) 2 – PCV-2

40. PCV-1 • PCV-1 & PCV-2 were found as far back as 1969, but was not isolated and studied until 1974. • PCV-1 has not been found to cause any disease in swine and research has not established any clinical significance to PCV-1.

41. PCV-2 In 1995 researchers noticed that when PMWS (post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome) was diagnosed, by association they proposed the idea that PCV-2 sometimes caused PMWS.

42. PCV-2 • In 1999, after many studies, research confirmed that PCV-2 causes PMWS. • It also causes PRDC (porcine respiratory disease complex) and PDNS (porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome). • Note: studies have shown that PCV-2 generally must be combined with extenuating circumstances to turn into Circovirus. • If most herds were tested, PCV-1 & PCV-2 would show up in the blood, but rarely shows clinical signs or manifests into other syndromes.

43. If pigs are infected with PCV-2 symptoms generally appear from 5 -18 weeks of age.

44. Symptoms of PCV-2 • Poor growth • Swollen lymph nodes • Diarrhea • Stomach ulcers • Fever • Jaundice • Difficulty breathing • Weight loss • Skin rashes

45. Transmission of PCV-2 • Much like any other disease PCV-1 & PCV-2 are passed through: • Blood • Urine • Feces • Mucous

46. Reasons for Manifestation of PCV-2 • Not completely known, but researchers think it is a combination of the following: • Presence of PCV-2 in herd • Environmental conditions (weather, cleanliness of barns, etc.) • Stress

47. Every-day Prevention • Quarantine new hogs • Foot dip for humans entering farrowing houses • Maintain proper ventilation • Stay up to date with vaccinations for other diseases • Promptly treat ill pigs • Control rodent, insect and bird population near the hog pens and barns

48. “Current studies suggest that when the immune system becomes activated fighting off a disease challenge and the pig also is infected with PCV-2, the circovirus infection may become overwhelming and result in PMWS.” Henry Gauvreau, Porcine Swine Update, 2001

49. Bloat • Cause: gorging on anything unsuitable (example: wet grass pastures or raiding food bin) • Symptoms: Tightly inflated flanks, collapse, and misery • Treatment: Drench goat with vegetable or other oil (6-8 oz for adults & 2+ oz for kids), walk goat around, massage flanks. Contact veterinarian if this does not help.

50. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL) • Cause: Bacteria enters the goat through breaks in skin or mucus membranes and localizes in lymph node. • Symptoms: Abscesses of the lymph glands. • Treatment: Have a Vet test to see if the abscess is CL. Isolate the goat, lance the abscess and remove discharge, then treat with iodine several times. Destroy all discharge.